Apollo program Apollo program The Apollo Applications Program (AAP) was established by NASA headquarters in 1968 to develop science based manned space missions using surplus material from the Apollo Lunar Landing Program. Initially the AAP office in Washington was an off shoot of the Apollo "X" bureau also known as the "Apollo Extension Series" that was developing technology concepts for mission proposals based on the Saturn IB and Saturn V boosters such as a Space station, the Grand Tour and " Voyager program (Mars)" of Mars Lander probes and a manned lunar base. The Apollo lunar base proposal saw an unmanned Saturn V used to land a shelter based on the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) on the moon. A second Saturn V would carry a three man crew and a modified CSM and Apollo Lunar Module (LM) to the moon. The two man excursion team would have a surface stay time of nearly 200 days and use of an advanced lunar rover and a lunar flyer as well as logistics to construct a larger shelter. The isolation of the CSM pilot was a concern for mission planners so proposals that it would be a three man landing team or that the CSM would rendezvous with an orbiting module were considered. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo Applications Program"
The Command/Service Module (CSM) was a spacecraft built for NASA by North American Aviation. It was one of the two spacecraft that were utilized for the Apollo program, along with the Lunar Module, to land astronauts on the Moon. Together they were called the Apollo spacecraft. After the conclusion of the Apollo program, the CSM saw service as a ferry for the Skylab program and for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project where a CSM rendezvoused in orbit with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo Command/Service Module"
The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was the first recognizably modern embedded system, used in real-time by astronaut pilots to collect and provide flight information, and to automatically control all of the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft. It was developed for the Apollo program by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory under Charles Stark Draper, with hardware design led by Eldon C. Hall (see References). Based upon MIT documents, early architectural work seems to come from J.H. Laning Jr., Albert Hopkins, Ramon Alonso ** , and Hugh Blair-Smith ** . The actual flight hardware was fabricated by Raytheon, whose Herb Thaler ** was also on the architectural team. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo Guidance Computer"
The Apollo Lunar Module was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the US Apollo program to achieve the transit from Moon orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation (yet pronounced "LEM" from NASA's early name for it, Lunar Excursion Module). ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo Lunar Module"
The Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) comprised a set of scientific instruments placed by the astronauts at the landing site of each of the five Apollo missions to land on the Moon following Apollo 11 (Apollos 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17). Apollo 11 left a smaller, temporary, package called the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package, or EASEP. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package"
The Apollo moon landing hoax accusations are a series of claims alleging that the Apollo Moon Landings never took place, but were instead faked by NASA. Nearly all interested scientists, technicians, and space enthusiasts have rejected the claim, considering it to be baseless. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo moon landing hoax accusations"
The Apollo Primary Guidance, Navigation and Control System (PGNCS) (pronounced pings) was a self-contained inertial guidance system that allowed Apollo spacecraft to carry out their missions when communications with Earth were interrupted, either as expected, when the spacecraft were behind the moon, or in case of a communications failure. The Apollo command module (CM) and lunar module (LM), were each equipped with a version of PNGCS. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo PGNCS"
The Apollo spacecraft was designed as part of the Apollo Program, by the United States in the early 1960s to land man on the moon before 1970 and return them safely to earth.This goal was set forth by the late president Kennedy after the first flight of the Mercury Space Program. The spacecraft was made up of multiple units or stages that worked together to perform the mission of landing on the moon and returning safely to earth. The main components of the Apollo spacecraft were (going from top to bottom) the launch escape system, the Command Module, the Service Module, the Lunar Module and the lunar module adapter. These stages together would sit atop the launch vehicle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo spacecraft"
The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. The Apollo Spacecraft and Docking Module were launched ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo-Soyuz Test Project"
AS-201 (or SA-201) was the first flight of the Saturn IB launch vehicle. ...more on Wikipedia about "AS-201"
AS-202 (or SA-202) was a sub-orbital test flight of the Saturn IB and Command and Service Module. ...more on Wikipedia about "AS-202"
AS-203 (or SA-203) was an unmanned flight Saturn IB launch vehicle. ...more on Wikipedia about "AS-203"
Due to budget constraints there were many cancelled Apollo missions during Project Apollo. Along with Apollos 18, 19 and 20, which received some level of planning, there were a variety of later planned flights. Some of these were incorporated into the Apollo Applications Program, of which the only result was the Skylab space station. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cancelled Apollo missions"
The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., formerly the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, was founded by Charles Stark Draper in the late 1930s to teach students how to design the scientific instruments necessary to accurately measure and study motion. During World War II, the Instrumentation Lab developed the Inertial navigation system; this became its principal focus after receiving United States Department of Defense research contracts to develop navigation systems for ballistic missiles. The "I Lab" developed the guidance systems for Project Apollo and the Polaris missile. Draper was spun off from MIT in 1973, in part due to anti-war protests. ...more on Wikipedia about "Charles Stark Draper Laboratory"
Cosmic rays were first reported to cause visual perception of flashes of light during the Apollo program. Astronauts en route for the Moon were subject to cosmic ray bombardments, and it is believed that these rays produced Cherenkov radiation as they passed through the vitreous humor of the astronauts' eyeballs. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cosmic ray visual phenomena"
The Crawler-Transporter is a tracked vehicle used to transport the Saturn V rocket, the Saturn IB rocket during Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, and now the Space Shuttle, from NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building to the launchpad on a Mobile Launcher Platform. ...more on Wikipedia about "Crawler-Transporter"
Earth Orbit Rendezvous was a proposed method for American space missions to the Moon. It consisted of using a series of small rockets half the size of a Saturn V Rocket to put different components of a spacecraft to go to the Moon in orbit around the Earth, then assemble them in orbit. It was viewed as undesirable because at the time there was not that much experience with maneuvering space objects to rendezvous, and it was unknown if the ship could be successfully constructed in space. ...more on Wikipedia about "Earth orbit rendezvous"
IBM Information Management System (IMS) is a joint hierarchical database and information management system with extensive transaction processing capability. ...more on Wikipedia about "Information Management System"
J002E3 is the designation given to an asteroid discovered by amateur astronomer Bill Yeung on September 3, 2002 that may possibly be the S-IVB third stage of the Apollo 12 Saturn V. While there is currently no positive proof of the object's identity, this is the theory that currently (2005) fits the facts the best. ...more on Wikipedia about "J002E3"
*Little Joe II ...more on Wikipedia about "Little Joe II"
The ongoing Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment was first made possible by a lunar laser ranging retroreflector array planted on the Moon on July 21, 1969, by the crew of the Apollo 11. Since then, the distance between the Earth and the Moon has been measured repeatedly over a period of more than 35 years. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment"
Lunar plaques are square stainless steel plaques (9" x 7 5/8") attached to the ladders on the descent stages of the lunar modules used from Apollo 11 through Apollo 17. All of the plaques bear facsimilies of the participating astronauts' signatures. Two of the plaques ( Apollo 11 and Apollo 17) bear a facsimile of the signature of President Richard Nixon. Only the Apollo 12 lunar plaque does not bear a picture of the Earth (and is textured differently as well). Apollo 17's plaque bears a depiction of the lunar globe in addition to the Earth. The plaques used on Apollo missions 13 through 16 bear the call-sign of the lunar module. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lunar plaque"
The Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) is a facility at NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (Building 37) that was constructed to quarantine astronauts and material brought back from the Moon during the Apollo program. After recovery at sea, crews from Apollo 11, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 walked from their helicopter to an isolation van on the deck of an aircraft carrier and were brought to the LRL for quarantine. Samples of rock and soil that the astronauts collected and brought back were flown directly to the LRL and initially analyzed in glove box vacuum chambers. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lunar Receiving Laboratory"
The Lunar Roving Vehicle or Lunar rover or LRV is a land vehicle for use on the Moon. Several of the Apollo Lunar Module and Soviet Lunokhod program spacecraft delivered lunar rovers to the moon. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lunar rover"
A Mobile Launcher Platform or MLP is a two storey structure currently used as a transportable launch platform for NASA's Space Shuttle. Two MLPs were originally constructed for use in the Project Apollo lunar missions. A third was added in 1990 with the launch of Shuttle Columbia on STS-32. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mobile Launcher Platform"
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