Arctic

Northern Maritime Route is a sea transportation line along the Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, a direct link between the Atlantic and the Pacific connecting major ports of the European and the Far Eastern parts of Russia. In winter months this route is navigable only with the help of ice-breakers. Sometimes the ice conditions allow only for the nuclear-powered ice-breakers to lead the caravans of ships. ...more on Wikipedia about "Northern Maritime Route"

The Northern Sea Route ( Russian Северный морской путь) is a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast of Russia. The vast majority of the route lies in Arctic waters and parts are only free of ice for 2 months per year. Before the beginning of the 20th century it was known as the Northeast Passage. ...more on Wikipedia about "Northern Sea Route"

The Northwest Passage is a route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic archipelago of Canada. ...more on Wikipedia about "Northwest Passage"

The Open Polar Sea was a hypothesized ice-free ocean surrounding the North Pole. This unproven (and eventually, demonstrated false) theory was once so widely believed that many exploring expeditions used it as justification for attempts to reach the North Pole by sea, or to find a navigable sea route between Europe and the Pacific across the North Pole. ...more on Wikipedia about "Open Polar Sea"

In geology, permafrost or permafrost soil is soil that stays in a frozen state for more than two years in a row. Most permafrost is located in high latitudes, but alpine permafrost exists at high altitudes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Permafrost"

Pingos (singular pingo, from the Inuit word for small hill) are mounds of ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 60 metres in height and hundreds of metres in diameter. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pingo"

The Robeson Channel is a body of water connecting Kennedy Channel in south with the Arctic Ocean to the north. This channel flows between Greenland and Ellesmere Island. ...more on Wikipedia about "Robeson Channel"

The Rupes Nigra a phantom island, believed to be a magnetic island of black rock, 33 miles wide and located at the Magnetic North Pole. It purportedly explained why all compasses point to this location. The idea came from a lost work titled " Inventio Fortunata", and the island features on maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Rupes Nigra"

Smith Sound is an Arctic sea passage between Canada’s Ellesmere Island and Greenland. It connects Baffin Bay to Kane Basin and is part of Nares Strait. ...more on Wikipedia about "Smith Sound"

The Strait of Anián was the 16th century Spanish name for the Northwest Passage that supposedly connected the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean in the temperate or tropic regions of North America. It was based on the idea that North America was not a continent but a large archipelago. Such a strait does not in fact, exist, although the Northwest Passage itself was discovered in the 20th century through the Canadian Arctic islands. ...more on Wikipedia about "Strait of Anián"

A talik is a patch of unfrozen ground in an area of permafrost. In areas of contiuous permafrost it often occurs underneath shallow lakes (thermo karst lakes). It does not freeze during the winter and is thus not merely part of the active layer of the permafrost. Sometimes open, closed and through talik are distinguished. These terms refer to whether the talik is completely surrounded by permafrost, is open to the top or open to both top and unfrozen layers beneath the permafrost, respectively. ...more on Wikipedia about "Talik"

The University of the Arctic, based out of Finland, is a network of cooperative universities, colleges and other organizations, providing higher education and research in the North. Their members share resources, facilities, and expertise to build programs at the post-secondary level that are accessible and relevant to northern students. ...more on Wikipedia about "University of the Arctic"

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