Assyria Assyria * History of Babylonia and Assyria: ...more on Wikipedia about "Babylonia and Assyria"
The material for the study of Babylonian law is singularly extensive. The so-called "contracts" exist in the thousands, including a great variety of deeds, conveyances, bonds, receipts, accounts, and most important of all, the actual legal decisions given by the judges in the law courts. Historical inscriptions, royal charters and rescripts, dispatches, private letters and the general literature afford welcome supplementary information. Even grammatical and lexicographical works contain many extracts or short sentences bearing on law and custom. The so-called " Sumerian Family Laws" are thus preserved. ...more on Wikipedia about "Babylonian law"
The Babylonians were an ancient culture located in what is now Iraq. They had very advanced systems of writing, science and mathematics for their time. Most of what we have from the Babylonians was inscribed in cuneiform with a metal stylus on tablets of clay, called laterculae coctiles by Pliny the Elder; papyrus seems to have been also employed, but it has perished. ...more on Wikipedia about "Babylonian literature"
Belus or Belos in classical Greek or classical Latin texts (and later material based on them) in a Assyrian context refers to one or another purportedly ancient and historically nonexistent Assyrian king, such king in part at least an euhemerization of the Babylonian god Bel Marduk. ...more on Wikipedia about "Belus (Assyrian)"
Beth Nahrain ( Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ; "the house/land of the rivers") is the Neo- Aramaic name for Mesopotamia (a Greek word which means "the land between the rivers"). It refers to the rivers Frot ( Euphrates) and Deqlath ( Tigris), in and around the modern-day countries of Turkey, Syria and Iraq. Unlike the Greek name, the Neo-Aramaic name loosely describes the area of the rivers, not between. This larger area roughly encompasses Iraq, Syria, southeast Turkey, Lebanon, western Iran and northern Jordan. The indigenous inhabitants of Beth Nahrain are the Syriacs (who are also known as Arameans, Assyrians, and Chaldeans, among other names), all of whom speak Syriac. ...more on Wikipedia about "Beth Nahrain"
Carchemish (pr. kArkemish or karkEmish; called Europus by the Romans) was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittite empires, now on the frontier between Turkey and Syria. It was the location of an important battle between the Babylonians and Egyptians, mentioned in the Bible. The city is said to be known locally as Jarablos (also Jarâblos) ** , linking it to the Biblical city of Jerablus; a corrupted form on the name is Djerabis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carchemish"
Chaldea, "the Chaldees" of the KJV Old Testament, was a Hellenistic designation for a part of Babylonia. One early such reference is to the impending sack of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II ( Habakkuk 1:6). The Hebrew name for ancient Chaldeans was כשדים (Kasdim). ...more on Wikipedia about "Chaldea"
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Chaldean can refer to an ancient people of lower Mesopotamia and their culture, or a contemporary Christian people living mostly in Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, as well as a relativley widespread diaspora concentrated in the western world. Chaldean today are a religious denomination which has nothing to do with the ancient Chaldeans. Chaldeans are ethnically Assyrian. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chaldean"
Chaldeans (Assyro-Chaldeans, Chaldo-Assyrians, ܟܠܕܘܐܫܘܪܝܐ in Syriac) are a Syriac-speaking Semitic people currently living in northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, and in diaspora. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chaldeans"
:Below is the complete unedited text of the 1911 article, upon which part of the Chronology of the Ancient Near East article is based. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chronology of Babylonia and Assyria/1911"
The Chronology of the Ancient Near East deals with the notoriously difficult task of assigning dates to various events, rulers and dynasties of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chronology of the Ancient Near East"
Before the decipherment of cuneiform text, knowledge of the history of Babylon and Assyria was mostly dependent upon classical authorities. This history, however, was scanty and questionable. Had the native history of Berossus survived, this may not have been the case; all that is known of the Chaldaean historian's work, however, is derived from quotations in Josephus, Ptolemy, Eusebius and George Syncellus. The authenticity of his list of 10 antediluvian kings who reigned for 120 sari or 432,000 years, has been partially confirmed by the inscriptions; but his 8 postdiluvian dynasties are difficult to reconcile with the monuments, and the numbers attached to them are probably corrupt. It is different with the 7th and 8th dynasties as given by Ptolemy in the Canon of Kings in his Almagest, which prove to have been faithfully recorded: ...more on Wikipedia about "Classical authorities of Babylonia and Assyria"
Dohuk is a town in Iraq of 400,000 inhabitants. The name Dohuk comes from Kurmanji Kurdish meaning "small village". ...more on Wikipedia about "Dahuk, Iraq"
Dur-Sharrukin ("Fortress of Sargon", present day Khorsabad),was the Assyrian capital in the time of Sargon II of Assyria. In 713 Sargon ordered the construction of a new palace and town 20 km north of Niniveh at the foot of the Gebel Musri. Land was bought, and the debts of construction workers were nullified in order to attract a sufficient labour force. The land in the environs of the town was taken under cultivation, and olive groves were planted to increase Assyria's deficient oil-production. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dur-Sharrukin"
Edessa is the historical name of a town in northern Mesopotamia, refounded on an ancient site by Seleucus I Nicator. For the modern history of the city, see Şanlıurfa. ...more on Wikipedia about "Edessa, Mesopotamia"
The Epic of Gilgamesh is a literary work from Babylonia, dating from long after the time that king Gilgamesh was supposed to have ruled. It was based on earlier Sumerian legends of Gilgamesh. The most complete version of the epic was preserved on eleven clay tablets in the collection of the 7th century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. It is considered to be the oldest story ever told. ...more on Wikipedia about "Epic of Gilgamesh"
The Geography of Babylonia, like its ethnology and history, enclosed between the two great rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, forms but one country. The writers of antiquity clearly recognized this fact, speaking of the whole under the general name of Assyria, though Babylonia, as will be seen, would have been a more accurate designation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geography of Babylonia and Assyria"
Halah is a city that is mentioned in the Bible. It is noted when the Assyrians invaded Israel and enslaved the people. They were sent into exile in Halah and Medes, which was located in Gorzon on the Harbor River. The city was in Assyria which was a major power located in Northern Mesopotamia. The city appears in 2 Kings and in 1 Chronicles, where the story is being retold. ...more on Wikipedia about "Halah"
Khorsabad (also Khursabad) is a village in northern Iraq, 15 km northeast of Mosul, with well-preserved ruins of the large, rectangular Dur-Sharrukin. Khorsabad was the seat of the Assyrian capital in the time of Sargon II. The site was excavated in 1842-44 as well as in 1852-55, and artifacts from these excavations are presently stored in the Louvre. ...more on Wikipedia about "Khorsabad"
Kirkuk ( ,kirkūk; Kurdish: Kerkûk; The present city of Kirkuk stands on the site of the ancient Assyrian city of Arrapha ܐܪܦܐ ( ) and sits near the Khasa River ( ) on the ruins of a 5,000-year-old settlement. Kirkuk reached great importance under the Assyrians in the 10th and 11th centuries BC. Because of the strategic geographical location of the city, Kirkuk was the battle ground for the three main empires, Assyrian, Babylonian and Medes, who controlled the city at various times . ...more on Wikipedia about "Kirkuk"
Kudurru were stone sculptures used as boundary stones and as records of land grants to vassals by the Kassites in ancient Mesopotamia between the 16th and 12th centuries BCE. The word is Akkadian for "frontier" or "boundary." The kudurrus are the only surviving artworks for the period of Kassite rule in Babylonia with examples kept in the Louvre and the National Museum of Iraq. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kudurru"
Lake Urmia ( ; Persian: دریاچهٔ ارومیه) is a salt lake in northwestern Iran, in Iranian Azarbaijan (between the provinces of East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan), west of the southern portion of the Caspian Sea. It is the largest lake inside Iran, with a surface area of approximately 5,200 km² (2,000 mile²). At its maximum extent, it is about 140 km (87 miles) long, and 55 km (34 miles) wide. Its deepest point is approximately 16 m (52 ft) deep. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lake Urmia"
Lake Van ( Turkish: Van Gölü, in Armenian: Վանա լիճ) is the largest lake in Turkey, located in the far east of the country. It is a saline lake of vulcanic origin with no outlet, receiving water from numerous small streams that descend from the surrounding mountains. The lake is 120 km long, 80 km wide, has an area of 3,755 km² and is located 1 719 metres above sea level. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lake Van"
Limmu was an Assyrian eponym. At the beginning of the reign of an Assyrian king, the limmu, an appointed royal official, would preside over the New Year festival at the capital. Each year a new limmu would be chosen. The Assyrians used the name of the limmu for that year to designate the year on official documents. Lists of limmus have been found accounting for every year between 892 and 648 BC. ...more on Wikipedia about "Limmu"
The following is a list of Chaldean/ Assyrian/ Syriac cities, districts, towns and villages: ...more on Wikipedia about "List of Assyrian villages"
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