Behaviorism Behaviorism Aversives are negative stimuli used to induce behavior changes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aversives"
Behavioral geography is an approach to Human Geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach. Behavioral Geographers focus on the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning, decision making, and behavior. ...more on Wikipedia about "Behavioral geography"
Behaviorism or behaviourism (not to be confused with behavioralism in political science) is an approach to psychology based on the proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states. It is a form of materialism, denying any independent significance for the mind. Its significance for psychological treatment has been profound, making it one of the pillars of pharmacological therapy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Behaviorism"
Chaining is an instructional procedure used in Behavioral Psychology. It involves reinforcing individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior. It is frequently used for training behavioral sequences (or "chains") that are beyond the current repetoire of the learner. The chain is broken down into steps using task analysis. The learner is then taught each step individually. The chain is set in motion through the use of a discriminant stimulus, or prompt. Eventually, each step, or link, in the chain becomes the discriminant stimulus for the following link. The final step is usually associated with some sort of natural reinforcer (a stimulus that increases the probability of behavior and is a natural consequence of performing the behavior). As the earlier steps become associated with the latter steps through classical conditioning, the steps begin to take on reinforcement value. Thus, the occurrence of a later link after an earlier link increases the probability that the organism will perform the earlier link again (which, of course, will serve as a prompt for the later link). As small chains become mastered, i.e. are performed consistently following a single discriminant stimulus, they may be used as links in larger chains. Each chain then becomes a discriminant stimulus for the following chain and a reinforcer for the previous chain. The most common forms of chaining are backward chaining, forward chaining, and total task presentation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chaining"
Classical conditioning (also Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning) is a type of associative learning found in animals. These associations are formed by pairing two stimuli--what Ivan Pavlov described as the learning of conditioned behavior-- to condition an animal to give a certain response. The simplest form of classical conditioning is reminiscent of what Aristotle would have called the law of contiguity which states that: "When two things commonly occur together, the appearance of one will bring the other to mind." ...more on Wikipedia about "Classical conditioning"
The experimental analysis of behavior is the name given to the approach to psychology founded by B. F. Skinner. As its name suggests, its foundational principle was the rejection of theoretical analysis, in particular the kinds of learning theory that had grown up in the comparative psychology of the 1920- 1950 period, in favor of a more direct approach. It owed its early success to the effectiveness of Skinner's procedure of operant conditioning, both in the laboratory and in behavior therapy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Experimental analysis of behavior"
Extinction in psychology refers to the withholding of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior in order to eliminate that behavior. For example, the child who climbs under his desk to gain attention is ignored until he returns to his seat (extinction). ...more on Wikipedia about "Extinction (psychology)"
Description: Introduction to psychology for general public and students. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of publications in psychology"
Naturalistic observation is a method of observation, commonly used by psychologists and social/behavioral scientists, that involves observing subjects in their natural habitats. Researchers take great care in avoiding making interferences with the behaviour they are observing by using unobtrusive methods. ...more on Wikipedia about "Naturalistic observation"
Neurofeedback (NFB), also called neurotherapy, neurobiofeedback or EEG biofeedback, enables an individual to train brainwave activity, as measured by electrodes on the scalp, via feedback of EEG information in the form of a video display, sound or vibration. If brain activity changes in the direction desired by the therapist, a positive "reward" feedback is given to the individual, and if it regresses, either a negative feedback or no feedback is given (depending on the protocol). Rewards can be as simple as a change in pitch of a tone or as complex as a certain type of movement of a character in a video game. This experience could be called operant conditioning for internal states. ...more on Wikipedia about "Neurofeedback"
In relation to psychology to "pair by association" is the action of associating a stimulus with an arbitrary idea or object, to elicit a response, usually emotional. This is done by repeatedly pairing the stimulus with the arbitrary object. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pair by association"
Radical behaviorism is a philosophy that underlies the experimental analysis of behavior approach to psychology, developed by B. F. Skinner. The term 'radical behaviorism' applies to a particular subset of behaviorism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Radical behaviorism"
The concept of reinforcing successive approximations, or more commonly, shaping is a psychological concept used primarily in behavioral psychology. It was introduced by B.F. Skinner, a person whom many regard as the father of behavioral psychology. In many textbooks, shaping is formally defined as reinforcement of successive approxomations to the terminal goal. However, shaping itself need not be so scary, as its principles are present in every day actions. Essentially, shaping is used when giving instruction (such as "touch the bar for food") is impossible (by a lack of language or communication). ...more on Wikipedia about "Reinforcing successive approximations"
In punishment, social disruption occurs when the deliverer of punishment and the setting in which the punishment is delievered become conditioned aversive stimuli. More simply put, a person who delievers punishment can become something that is avoided by the subject of the punishment. For example, a lab rat may come to avoid an experimenter delievering shocks as punishment. The experimenter himself is not a punishing stimulus, but the rat learns to associate the actual punishment (the shocks) with the person delivering the shocks. ...more on Wikipedia about "Social Disruption"
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