Biochemicals

In molecular biology, the 5' end and the 3' end (pronounced 5-prime and 3-prime) are respectively the leading and tail ends of a strand of nucleic acid. These strands are unidirectional, i.e. they may only be read in one direction (for purposes of transcription, translation, replication and other processes). The sugar ( ribose or deoxyribose) molecules in the nucleic acid are all oriented in the same direction. Their carbon atoms are numbered: the 5' carbon atom is always on the side of the sugar molecule that faces the leading end, while the 3' carbon atom always faces the tail end (see figure). ...more on Wikipedia about "3' end"

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) is a neuropeptide created in the arcuate nucleus of the brain that increases appetite and decreases metabolism. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. Understanding the role AgRP plays in weight gain may assist in developing pharmaceutical models for treating obesity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agouti-related peptide"

Allantoin is a botanical extract of the comfrey plant and is used for its healing, soothing, and anti-irritating properties. Allantoin helps to heal wounds and skin irritations and stimulate growth of healthy tissue. This extract can be found in anti-acne products, sun care products, and clarifying lotions because of its ability to help heal minor wounds and promote healthy skin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Allantoin"

AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) is a specific agonist for AMPA receptor. AMPA mimicks the effect of glutamate. It is used in experiments to distinguish a receptor from the other ionotropic receptors for glutamate that are activated by different agonists: NMDA and kainate. ...more on Wikipedia about "AMPA"

Angiogenin is a small polypeptide that is implicated in angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) in tumor growth . However, angiogenin is unique among the many proteins that are involved in angiogenesis in that it is also an enzyme with an amino acid sequence 33% identical to that of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) A). Moreover, although Ang has the same general catalytic properties as RNase A - it cleaves preferentially on the 3' side of pyrimidines and follows a transphosphorylation/ hydrolysis mechanism - its activity differs markedly both in magnitude and in specificity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Angiogenin"

Anisomycin is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseolus which can arrest gene expression by inhibiting protein synthesis. It can also activate stress-activated protein kinases, MAP kinase and other signal transduction pathways. Anisomycin is inactive against bacteria. Partial inhibition of DNA synthesis occurs at anisomycin concentrations that effect 95% inhibition of protein synthesis mode of action of anisomycin ...more on Wikipedia about "Anisomycin"

Bile (or gall) is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid secreted by the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, it is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bile"

Biliverdin is a green pigment formed as a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown. It consists of four linearly connected pyrrhole rings (a tetrapyrrhole). Biliverdin is formed when the heme group in hemoglobin is cleaved at its alpha-methene bridge. The resulting Biliverdin is then reduced to bilirubin, a yellow pigment, by the enzyme biliverdin reductase. The changing color of a bruise from deep purple to yellow over time is a graphical indicator of this reaction. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biliverdin"

A biomolecule is a chemical compound that naturally occurs in living organisms. Biomolecules consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen, along with nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Other elements sometimes are incorporated but these are much less common. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biomolecule"

Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin that forms in red blood cells when carbon monoxide is inhaled, and hinders delivery of oxygen to the body. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carboxyhemoglobin"

In pathology, a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer. Carcinogens are also often, but not necessarily, mutagens or teratogens. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carcinogen"

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta- alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carnosine"

In organic chemistry, a chlorin is a large heterocyclic aromatic ring consisting, at the core, of 3 pyrroles and one reduced pyrrole coupled through 4 methine linkages. Unlike a porphyrin, a chlorin is therefore largely aromatic but not aromatic through the entire circumference of the ring. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chlorin"

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A corrin is a polyaromatic ring related to the porphyrin ring in hemoglobin, consisting of 4 pyrrole subunits, joined on opposite sides by a C-CH3 methylene link, on one side by a C-H methylene link, and with the two of the pyrroles joined directly. Compared to a porphyrin, it is missing a bridging methylene group between a pair of pyrroles. This ring is central to the cobalt containing vitamin, vitamin B12, or cobalamin. Corrins have properties related to porphyrins, but: ...more on Wikipedia about "Corrin"

Ergoline is a chemical compound whose structure serves as the skeleton for a diverse range of alkaloids and synthetic drugs. Substances derived from ergoline are used clinically as oxytocics and in the treatment of migraine and Parkinson's disease, and are implicated in the disease ergotism and in the action of psychedelic drugs such as ololiuhqui and LSD. Ergometrine and ergotamine are listed as Table I precursors under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances ** . ...more on Wikipedia about "Ergoline"

FMRFamide is an neuropeptide identified in Hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria thought to play an important role in cardiac activity regulation. In Mercenaria mercenaria, FMRFamide has been isolated and demonstrated to increase both the force and frequency of the heartbeat through a biochemical pathway that is thought to involve the increase of cytoplasmic cAMP in the ventricular region (Higgins et al, 1978). ...more on Wikipedia about "FMRFamide"

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD in humans. GLP-2 is created by specific post-translational proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon in a process that also liberates the related glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-2 is produced by the intestinal endocrine L cell and by various neurons in the central nervous system. Intestinal GLP-2 is co-secreted along with GLP-1 upon nutrient ingestion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glucagon-like peptide-2"

In biochemistry, indoleamines are substituted indole compounds that contain an amino group. Some examples of indoleamines are tryptamine and serotonin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Indoleamine"

Kainate is a specific agonist for the kainate receptor used as an ionotrophic glutamate receptor which mimicks the effect of glutamate. It is used in experiments to distinguish a receptor from the other ionotropic receptors for glutamate such as NMDA and AMPA, a.k.a. Quisqualte. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kainate"

Lipofuscin is the name given to brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. It is considered one of the aging or "wear and tear" pigments; found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells. "Liver spots" commonly associated with aging are superficial dermal lipofuscin deposits. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lipofuscin"

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(List of biomolecules) See also: Chemical compound, Organic compound, biochemistry. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of biomolecules"

Many marine biomolecules have found technology applications. ...more on Wikipedia about "Marine biomolecule"

In biochemistry, monoamines are a group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an two-carbon chain (-CH₂-CH₂-). All monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, and tryptophan. ...more on Wikipedia about "Monoamine"

A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA). Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and viruses. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nucleic acid" Are you ready for www.shortopedia.com? Biochemicals

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