Biochemistry Biochemistry 5-bromouracil (or 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione or 5-BrU or 5-BU) is a component of 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine. ...more on Wikipedia about "5-bromouracil"
Zebrafish AB9 cells are a primary fibroblast cell line developed from fin tissue of the AB strain. These cells are commonly used for studies focusing on the biochemical and molecular properties of zebrafish. Cells are grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a humid, 5% C O2-enriched atmosphere at 29°C. Under these conditions, cells passaged 1 in 4 doubled every 72 hours when fed with fresh culture medium at 3-day intervals. ...more on Wikipedia about "AB9"
The Accessible Surface Area (ASA) is the surface area of a biomolecule ( protein, DNA, etc.) that is accessible to the solvent. Is usually quoted in square ångstrom (a standard unit of measurement in molecular biology). ASA was first described by Lee & Richards in 1971, and is typically calculated using the 'rolling ball' algorithm developed by Shrake & Rupley in 1973. This algorithm uses a sphere (of solvent) of a particular radius to 'probe' the surface of the molecule. The choice of the 'probe radius' does have an effect on the observed surface area as using a smaller probe radius detects more surface details and therefore reports a larger surface. A typical value is 1.4Å, which approximates the radius of a water molecule. ...more on Wikipedia about "Accessible Surface Area"
In chemistry and biochemistry, acid dissociation constant, the acidity constant, or the acid-ionization constant (Ka) is a specific type of equilibrium constant that indicates the extent of dissociation of hydrogen ions from an acid. The term [H2O] is omitted from the general equilibrium constant expression. While strong acids dissociate practically completely in solution and consequently have large acidity constants, weak acids do not fully dissociate and generally have acidity constants far less than 1. Because this constant differs for each acid and varies over many degrees of magnitude, the acidity constant is often represented by the additive inverse of its common logarithm, represented by the symbol pKa (similar to the concept of pH, though not related directly). ...more on Wikipedia about "Acid dissociation constant"
Active transport is the mediated transport of biochemicals, and other atomic/ molecular substances, across membranes. Unlike passive transport, this process requires chemical energy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Active transport"
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are the result of a chain of chemical reactions after an initial glycation reaction. The intermediate reactions are known, variously, as Amadori, Shiff and Maillard reactions after the researchers who first described them. The literature is imprecise in usages of these terms. For example, Maillard reaction products are sometimes considered an intermediate step and other times as AGEs. Side products generated in the intermediate steps may be oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, and others, such as beta amyloid proteins (Miyata, 1993). AGEs may be formed external to the body (exogenous) by heating, or cooking, sugars with fats or proteins (Koschinsky,1997); or, inside the body (endogenous). AGEs may be less, or more, reactive than the initial sugars they were formed from. Immunoreativity of AGEs may be 200 times higher when cooked with fructose (Koschinsky 1997). Many critical cells in the body such as lungs, liver, kidney and pancreas have Receptors for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGES) that, when populated with the more reactive AGEs, contribute to age related chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma and arthritis. There may be some chemicals, such as aminoguanidine that limit the formation of AGEs (Wells-Knecht,1995). ...more on Wikipedia about "Advanced glycation endproduct"
An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and triggers a response in the cell. An agonist is the opposite of an antagonist in the sense that while an antagonist also binds to the receptor, it fails to activate the receptor and actually blocks it from activation by agonists. A partial agonist activates a receptor but does not cause as much of a physiological change as does a full agonist. The receptors of the human body work by being stimulated or inhibited by natural (such as hormones and neurotransmitters) or synthetic (such as drugs) agonists and antagonists. To see how an agonist may activate a receptor see this link . Recently a novel theory called Functional Selectivity has been proposed that broadens the conventional definition of pharmacology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agonist" Just shortopedia way
In biochemistry, allosteric regulation is the regulation of an enzyme or protein by binding an effector molecule at the protein's allosteric site (that is, a site other than the protein's active site). Effectors that enhance the protein's activity are referred to as allosteric activators, whereas those that decrease the protein's activation are called allosteric inhibitors. The term allostery comes from the Greek allos, "other," and stereos, "shape," referring to the regulatory site of an allosteric protein's being separate from its active site. ...more on Wikipedia about "Allosteric regulation"
Alternative biochemistry collectively refers to an assortment of astrobiology theories and hypotheses in which life is based on chemical systems other than those used by currently known forms of life. Proponents of such theories sometimes use the expression carbon chauvinism to disparage the assumption that carbon molecules are necessarily the basis for all life. Up to this point, however, no non- carbon based life-form has been discovered. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alternative biochemistry"
Amphibolic relates to a biochemical pathway that involves both catabolism and anabolism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amphibolic"
Amyl is a linguistic root word derived from the Latin amylum, from Greek αμυλον, meaning starch. It has two distinct but related meanings, in organic chemistry and biochemistry. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amyl"
Anabolic steroids are a class of natural and synthetic steroid hormones that promote cell growth and division, resulting in growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength. Steroids act in different ways on the body to promote muscle growth, and every steroid has androgenic and anabolic properties. It is because of this, they are properly referred to in medical texts as AAS (anabolic/androgenic steroids). Testosterone is the best known natural anabolic steroid, as well as the best known natural androgen. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anabolic steroid"
Anabolism is the part of metabolism that builds larger molecules. One way of categorizing metabolic processes, whether at the cellular, organ or organism level is as anabolic or catabolic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anabolism"
Anaplerotic reactions are those that form intermediates of the TCA or citric acid cycle. As this is a cycle, formation of any of the intermediates can be used to 'top up' the whole cycle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anaplerotic reactions"
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Angiostatin is a human protein. It is a natural angiogenesis inhibitor (i.e. it blocks the growth of new blood vessels), and it is currently underlying clinical trials for its use in anticancer therapy ** . ...more on Wikipedia about "Angiostatin"
In chemistry, antagonism is a phenomenon where two or more agents in combination have an overall effect which is less than the sum of their individual effects. The word is most commonly used in this fashion in biochemistry and toxicology. Interference in the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antagonism"
Apolipoproteins are a class of apoproteins, which are proteins that depend on the presence of other small molecules, or cofactors, to function. Thus, apolipoproteins are the protein constituents of lipoproteins, which also consist of phospholipids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters. There are five major types of apolipoproteins: A, B, C, D, and E. Apo E is perhaps the most well studied. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apolipoproteins"
Aptamers are small molecules that can bind to another molecule. This makes them particularly attractive to drug companies as potential drug candidates. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aptamer"
Apyrase is A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apyrase"
ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), a monomeric GTP-binding protein, can interact with ß arrestin upon receptor activation. ARF6 is essential for the endocytosis of a broad variety of receptors. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arf6"
An assay is a procedure where the concentration of a component part of a mixture is determined. ...more on Wikipedia about "Assay" The article you are reading is from www.shortopedia.com Biochemistry
Assimilation (from similis, lat. = similar), in biology, designates the process of the transformation of external substances and materials into substances and materials internal to the body. Examples of assimilation are: ...more on Wikipedia about "Assimilation (biology)"
: ATP is used to store and transport chemical energy within cells because of the high energy content of the phosphate phosphate bonds due to the charge separation and the relative stabilty of the resulting AMP (adenosine monophosphate) in the chemical reaction: ...more on Wikipedia about "ATP thermochemistry"
In biology, basal rate is a rate of continuous supply of some chemical or process. In the case of diabetes mellitus, it is a low rate of insulin supply needed for such purposes as controlling cellular glucose and amino acid uptake. An insulin pump is one way to arrange for a closely controlled basal insulin rate. The constant release insulins (e.g, Glargine) can provide a similar effect. ...more on Wikipedia about "Basal rate"
Beta oxidation is the process by which fats, in the form of Acyl-CoA molecules, are broken down in the mitochondria to generate Acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the Krebs Cycle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Beta oxidation" Tell your opinion about http://www.shortopedia.com
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