Cell biology Cell biology 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules expressed in all eukaryotic cells. 14-3-3 proteins have the ability to bind a multitude of functionally diverse signaling proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. More than 50 signaling proteins have been reported as 14-3-3 ligands. ...more on Wikipedia about "14-3-3 protein"
Actin is a globular protein that polymerizes helically forming actin filaments (or microfilaments), which like the other two components of the cellular cytoskeleton form a three-dimensional network inside an eukaryotic cell. Actin filaments provide mechanical support for the cell, determine the cell shape, enable cell movements (through lamellipodia, filopodia, or pseudopodia); and participate in certain cell junctions, in cytoplasmic streaming and in contraction of the cell during cytokinesis. In muscle cells they play an essential role, along with myosin, in muscle contraction. In the cytosol, actin is predominantly bound to ATP, but can also bind to ADP. An ATP-actin complex polymerizes faster and dissociates slower than an ADP-actin complex. Actin is also one of the most highly conserved proteins, differing by no more than 5% in species as diverse as algae and humans. ...more on Wikipedia about "Actin"
Actin-binding proteins ...more on Wikipedia about "Actin-binding protein"
An action potential is a wave of electrical discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell. Action potentials are used by the body to communicate fast internal messages between its tissues making them an essential feature of animal life at the microscopic level. They can be created by many types of body cells, but are used most extensively by the nervous system to send messages between nerve cells and from nerve cells to other body tissues such as muscles and glands. ...more on Wikipedia about "Action potential"
An adaptor protein is a protein which is accessory to main proteins in a signal transduction pathway. These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves but instead mediate specific protein-protein interactions that drive the formation of protein complexes. Examples of adaptor proteins are Shc and Grb2. Much of the specificity of signal transduction depends on the recruitment of several signalling components such as protein kinases and G-protein GTPases into short lived active complexes in response to an activating signal such as a growth factor binding to its receptor. Adaptor proteins usually contain several domains within their structure (e.g., Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains) which allow specific interactions with several other specific proteins. SH2 domains recognise specific amino acid sequences within proteins containing phosphotyrosine residues and SH3 domains recognise proline-rich sequences within specific peptide sequence contexts of proteins. There are many other types of interaction domains found within adaptor and other signalling proteins which allow a rich diversity of specific and coordinated protein-protein interactions to occur within the cell during signal transduction. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adaptor protein"
Adherens junctions oder Zonula adherens share the characteristic of anchoring cells through their cytoplasmic actin filaments . Similarly to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, their transmembrane anchors are composed of cadherins in those that anchor to other cells and integrins in those that anchor to the extracellular matrix. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adherens junction"
Amoeboids are cells that move or feed by means of temporary projections, called pseudopods (false feet). They have appeared in a number of different groups. Some cells in multicellular animals may be amoeboid, for instance our white blood cells, which consume pathogens. Many protists exist as individual amoeboid cells, or take such a form at some point in their life-cycle. The most famous such organism is Amoeba proteus; the name amoebae is variously used to describe its close relatives, other organisms similar to it, or the amoeboids in general. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amoeboid"
Amyloplasts (are a form of leucoplasts) are non- pigmented organelles found in plant cells responsible for the storage of starch through the polymerisation of glucose. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amyloplast"
An animal cell is a form of eukaryotic cell which make up many tissues in animals. The animal cell is distinct from other eukaryotes, most notably plant cells, as they lack cell walls and chloroplasts, and they have smaller vacuoles. Due to the lack of a rigid cell wall, animal cells appear to be circular (though are often deformed by surrounding cells) under microscopes - in three dimensions the cells are normally spherical. ...more on Wikipedia about "Animal cell"
Anoikis ( Greek: homelessness) is apoptosis of anchorage-dependent cells that detach from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Usually cells stay close to the tissue which they belong to, since the communication between proximal cells as well as between cells and ECM provide essential signal for growth or survival. When cells are detached from the ECM, they would undergo apoptosis. However, metastatic tumor cells could escape from anoikis and invade other organs. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anoikis"
In biology, apoptosis (from the Greek words apo = from and ptosis = falling, commonly pronounced ap-a-tow'-sis ** ) is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD). As such, it is a process of deliberate life relinquishment by an unwanted cell in a multicellular organism. In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is carried out in an ordered process that generally confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. For example, the differentiation of human fingers in a developing embryo requires the cells between the fingers to initiate apoptosis so that the fingers can separate. The way the apoptotic process is executed facilitates the safe disposal of cell corpses and fragments. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apoptosis"
Assimilation (from similis, lat. = similar), in biology, designates the process of the transformation of external substances and materials into substances and materials internal to the body. Examples of assimilation are: ...more on Wikipedia about "Assimilation (biology)"
Autophagy, or autophagocytosis, is a process of organelle degradation that takes place inside the cell. It is executed by lysosomes and is part of everyday normal cell growth and development. Its main purpose is to maintain a balance between biogenesis (production) of cell structures, and their degradation and turnover (see Bruce Alberts et al.: Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edition, Garland Publishing 2002, NCBI Bookshelf ** ). For example, a liver-cell mitochondrion lasts around ten days before it is degraded and its contents are reused. ...more on Wikipedia about "Autophagy"
Axoplasm is the cytoplasm within the axon of a neuron. Neural processes (axons and dendrites) contain about 99.6% of the cell’s cytoplasm, and 99.7% of that is in the axons (Sabry et al., 1995). ...more on Wikipedia about "Axoplasm"
Axoplasmic transport, also called axonal transport, is responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other cell parts to and from a neuron's cell body through the cytoplasm of its axon (the axoplasm). Axons, which can be 1,000 or 10,000 times the length of the cell body, or soma, contain no ribosomes or means of producing proteins, and so rely on axoplasmic transport for all their protein needs (Cowie and Stanton; Sabry et al., 1995). It is also responsible for moving molecules destined for degradation from the axon to lysosomes to be broken down (Oztas, 2003). Movement toward the cell body is called retrograde transport and movement toward the synapse is called anterograde transport (Cowie and Stanton). ...more on Wikipedia about "Axoplasmic transport"
β2 microglobulin is a component of MHC class I molecules, which are present on almost all cells of the body ( red blood cells are a notable example). β2 microglobulin lies lateral to the α3 chain on the cell surface, however unlike α3, β2 has no trans-membrane region. Directly above β2 (i.e. away from the cell) lies the α1 chain, which itself is lateral to the α2. ...more on Wikipedia about "Beta-2 microglobulin"
In cell biology, a biased random walk enables bacteria to search for food and flee from harm. Bacteria propel themselves with the aid of flagella in a process called chemotaxis, and a typical bacteria trajectory has many charactistics of a random walk. They move forward for a certain distance, then the course is abrubtly altered by a process called tumbling. The average change of direction is about 60°. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biased random walk (biochemistry)"
Binary fission is the form of asexual reproduction used by most prokaryotes to reproduce. This process results in the reproduction of a living cell by division into two equal or near-equal parts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Binary fission"
Brain cells incude mostly neurons and glial cells. Neurons perform the processing and storage of information involved in brain function. Neurons are cells that are adapted to carrying the electrical signals called action potentials that are the basic building blocks of information transmission in the brain. They communicate to one another via synapses. Glia function to support and provide nutrition to neurons. Other cells in the brain include epithelial cells that make up the lining of blood vessels. ...more on Wikipedia about "Brain cell"
Brefeldin A is a lactone antibiotic produced by fungal organisms such as Eupenicillium brefeldianum. Brefeldin A interferes with protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. In mammalian and yeast cells, the main target of brefeldin A appears to be a certain type of GTP-exchange factors responsible for activating a GTPase called Arf1p ; in turn, Arf1p is involved in the formation of transport vesicles by recruiting coat proteins to intracellular membranes. Brefeldin A was initially isolated as an anti- viral antibiotic ** but is now primarily used in biological research to study protein transport. ...more on Wikipedia about "Brefeldin A"
Bulk movement is the movement of cell materials in and out of the cell. They are classified under active transport and they use the action of the energy currency ATP or adenosine triphosphate. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bulk movement" Whatever You're Into, Get Into www.shortopedia.com. Cell_biology
Cajal bodies are spherical structures found in the nucleus of proliferative cells like tumor cells, or metabolically active cells like neurons. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cajal body"
In biology research a Callus of Cells is a mass of undifferentiated cells. ...more on Wikipedia about "Callus (cell biology)"
Caspases are a group of cysteine proteases, enzymes with a crucial cysteine residue that can cleave other proteins, after an aspartic acid residue, a specificity which is unusual among proteases. The name "caspase" derives from this characteristic molecular function: cysteine-aspartic-acid-proteases. Caspases are essential in cells for apoptosis, one of the main types of programmed cell death in development and most other stages of adult life. Some caspases are also required in the immune system for the maturation of cytokines. Failure of apoptosis is one of the main contributions to tumour development and autoimmune diseases; this coupled with the unwanted apoptosis that occurs with ischaemia or Alzheimer's disease, has boomed the interest in caspases as potential therapeutic targets since they were discovered in the mid 1990s. ...more on Wikipedia about "Caspase"
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and are sometimes called the "building blocks of life." Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular, consisting of a single cell. Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular, (humans have an estimated 100,000 billion or 1014 cells). ...more on Wikipedia about "Cell (biology)"
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