Chemical oceanography

Alkalinity or AT is a measure of the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of a solution. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alkalinity"

In ecology, biochemical (biological) oxygen demand (BOD) is an indicator for the concentration of biodegradable organic matter present in a sample of water. It can be used to infer the general quality of the water and its degree of pollution. BOD measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in the sample of water at a fixed temperature and over a given period of time. To ensure that all other conditions are equal, a very small amount of micro-organism seed is added to each sample being tested. This seed is typically generated by diluting activated sludge with de-ionised water. All samples being tested in any one batch are inoculated with an equal volume of seed including the sample control of de-ionised water saturated with oxygen. The BOD in the UK is carried out by diluting the sample with de-ionised water saturated with oxygen then sealing the sample (to prevent further oxygen dissolving in), and placing it in the dark (to prevent photosynthesis and thereby the addition of oxygen). This sample is kept at 20 °C in the dark and tested for dissolved oxygen (DO) after five days. The apparent BOD for the control is subtracted from the test result to provide the corrected value. The loss of dissolved oxygen in the sample, once corrections have been made for the degree of dilution, is called the BOD5. In the UK allyl thiurea is also added at the start of the test to prevent oxidation of ammonia. Results from such tests are represented as BOT5(ATU) and referred to as Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) in the US. Less frequently used is the Ultimate BOD (UBOD) test, in which DO is repeatedly measured by DO meter in the same specialized bottles until it has reached equilibrium. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biochemical oxygen demand"

The field of biogeochemistry involves scientific study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere), and the cycles of matter and energy that transport the Earth's chemical components in time and space. Biogeochemistry is a systems science. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biogeochemistry"

In oceanic biogeochemistry, the biological pump is the sum of a suite of biologically-mediated processes that transport carbon from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean's interior. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biological pump"

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. (Other bodies may have carbon cycles, but little is known about them.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbon cycle"

Chemical oceanography is the study of the behaviour of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans. The ocean is unique in that it contains - in greater or lesser quantities - nearly every element in the periodic table. Thus much of chemical oceanography describes the cycling of these elements both within the ocean and with the other spheres of the Earth system (see biogeochemical cycle). These cycles are usually characterised as quantitative fluxes between constituent reservoirs defined within the ocean system. Of particular global and climatic significance are the cycles of the biologically active elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as well as those of some important trace elements such as iron. Another important area of study in chemical oceanography is the behaviour of isotopes (see isotope geochemistry) and how they can be used as tracers of past and present oceanographic and climatic processes. For example, the incidence of 18O (the heavy isotope of oxygen) can be used as an indicator of polar ice sheet extent. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chemical oceanography"

In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers), making COD a useful measure of water quality. It is expressed in millgrams per liter ( mg/ L), which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution. Older references may express the units as parts per million (ppm). ...more on Wikipedia about "Chemical oxygen demand"

In oceanic biogeochemistry, the continental shelf pump is proposed to operate in the shallow waters of the continental shelves, acting as a mechanism to transport carbon (as either dissolved or particulate material) from surface waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean. ...more on Wikipedia about "Continental shelf pump"

A nutrient is any element or compound necessary for or contributing to an organism's metabolism, growth, or other functioning. Six nutrient groups exist, classifiable as those that provide energy, and as those that otherwise support metabolic processes in the body: ...more on Wikipedia about "Nutrient"

Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ocean acidification"

The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmosphere and life as we know it. If all photosynthesis were to cease, the Earth's atmosphere would be devoid all but trace amounts of oxygen within 5000 years. The oxygen cycle would no longer exist. ...more on Wikipedia about "Oxygen cycle"

The Oxygen minimum zone is the zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest. This zone occurs at depths of about 500 to 1,000 metres, depending on local circumstances. ...more on Wikipedia about "Oxygen minimum zone"

Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. Salinity in Australian English may refer to salt in soil (see Salinity in Australia). ...more on Wikipedia about "Salinity"

Sea salt, obtained by evaporation of sea water, is a salt used as an ingredient in cooking and in products such as cosmetics. Its mineral content gives it a different taste from table salt, which is mostly sodium chloride that is either purified from sea salt or made from rock salt ( halite), a mineral that is dug from mines. Table salt also sometimes contains additives, such as iodides (as a dietary supplement) and various anticaking agents. Various areas of the world produce specialized sea salt, including France, Ireland, and Cape Cod. One common use of sea salt is in premium potato chips. Sea salt is generally more expensive than table salt. ...more on Wikipedia about "Sea salt" This text is made for shortopedia

Sea water is water from a sea or ocean. On average, sea water in the world's oceans has a salinity of ~3.5%. This means that for every 1 litre (1000 mL) of sea water there are 35 grams of salts (mostly, but not entirely, sodium chloride) dissolved in it. This can be expressed as 0.6 M NaCl or 0.6 mol/L (if the salinity were due entirely to NaCl, which it is not). ...more on Wikipedia about "Sea water"

In oceanic biogeochemistry, the solubility pump is a physico-chemical process that transports carbon (as dissolved inorganic carbon) from the ocean's surface to its interior. ...more on Wikipedia about "Solubility pump"

The total inorganic carbon (CT, or TIC) or Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is the sum of inorganic carbon species in a solution. The inorganic carbon species include carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and carbonate anion. It is customary to express carbon dioxide and carbonic acid simultaneously as CO2* . CT is an important parameter when making measurements related to the pH of natural aqueous systems, and carbon dioxide flux estimates. ...more on Wikipedia about "Total inorganic carbon"

TOC, Total organic carbon — The amount of carbon bound in organic compounds. Often used as an indicator of water quality or cleanliness of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Total organic carbon"

To most people not professionally involved in water quality issues, water is either drinkable (technically potable) or contains potentially harmful or toxic substances. However, the vast majority of surface water on the planet is neither potable nor toxic. This remains true even if we eliminate from consideration the more than 97% of the earth's water found in the oceans ( sea water)—too salty to drink. Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is polluted or not. In fact, water quality is a very complex subject, in part because water is a complex medium intrinsically tied to the ecology of the entire planet. ...more on Wikipedia about "Water quality"

Water quality modelling involves the prediction of water pollution using mathematical simulation techniques. A typical water quality model consists of a collection of formulations representing physical machanisms that determine fate and transport of pollutants in a water body. Accurate formulation of basic physical mechanisms is no guarantee of good predictions if sufficient data are not available to estimate rate constants and coefficients. ...more on Wikipedia about "Water quality modelling"

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