Condensed matter physics Condensed matter physics The 45 nanometer (45 nm) process is the next milestone (to be commercially viable in mid 2007 to early 2008) in semiconductor manufacturing and fabrication. The term 45 nm denotes the average feature size of the semiconductor. For reference, silicon lattice spacing is around 0.2 nm, synapses are typically around 50 nanometers across, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV] is around 120 nm in diameter, a human red blood cell is typically 6000-8000 nm in diameter, and a human hair typically is 80000 nm in diameter. Intel has stated that it is developing this technology, and AMD and IBM are partnering on the 45nm process. ...more on Wikipedia about "45 nanometer"
The 65 nanometer (65 nm) process is the next milestone as of 2005 in semiconductor manufacturing and fabrication. The term 65 nm denotes the average feature size of the semiconductor. However, minimum feature sizes can reach as low as 35nm on a "65nm" process. For reference, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is around 120 nm in diameter, a human red blood cell typically 6000-8000 nm in diameter, and a human hair typically 80000 nm in diameter. Companies currently pursuing 65nm fabrication include AMD (collaborating with IBM) and Intel. ...more on Wikipedia about "65 nanometer"
Since 2002 and up to 2004, the 90 nanometer (90 nm) process has been a buzzword in the electronic, the LSI and semiconductor manufacturing, and fabrication industries. "Going beyond 90 nm" represents a breakthrough and a milestone. Related industries, such as the FPGA, network chip, DSP, flash memory chip and nanotechnology industries are also affected and are monitoring 90-nanometer trends as of 2004. Among the companies who have adopted and disclosed their 90 nanometer processes, but taking different approaches, are Intel, IBM, Texas Instruments Inc., Motorola, Fujitsu, TSMC. A majority of these companies made their disclosures in August of 2002. The 90 nanometer process refers to the average feature size. However, the minimum feature size on 90 nanometer chips can actually be quite smaller, down to around 45 nanometers. ...more on Wikipedia about "90 nanometer"
Anderson localization is used to refer to the appearance of spatially localized states inside bandgaps upon structural disorders in periodic structures (which permit only energies in bands with gaps). This phenomenon is named after the american phsysicist P. W. Anderson. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anderson localization"
An anisotropic liquid is one which has the fluidity of a normal liquid, but, unlike water or chloroform, which contain no structural ordering of the molecules, they have an average structural order relative to each other along their molecular axis. Liquid crystals are examples of anisotropic liquids. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anisotropic liquid"
In solid state physics, the term ballistic tranport refers to the transport of electrons in a medium where the electrical resistivity due to the scattering, by the atoms, molecules or impurities in the medium itself, is negligible or absent. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ballistic transport"
In solid state physics and related applied fields, the band gap is the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band in insulators and semiconductors. It is often spelled "bandgap". ...more on Wikipedia about "Band gap"
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Band theory models the behavior of electrons in solids, by postulating the existence of energy bands, continuous ranges of energy which electrons may occupy, and gaps, which they may not. It successfully explains many physical properties of solids, such as electric resistivity and optical absorption. ...more on Wikipedia about "Band theory"
Bion is the bound state of two solitons. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bion (physics)"
A Bloch wave or Bloch state is the wavefunction of a particle (usually, an electron) placed in a periodic potential. It consists of the product of a plane wave and a periodic function (Bloch envelope) unk(r) which has the same periodicity as the potential: ...more on Wikipedia about "Bloch wave"
The Born-von Karman boundary condition is a set of boundary conditions with the restriction that a given function be periodic on a certain Bravais lattice. This condition is often applied in solid state physics to model an ideal crystal. ...more on Wikipedia about "Born-von Karman boundary condition"
A Bose-Einstein condensate is a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero. The first such condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman in 1995 at the University of Colorado at Boulder, using a gas of rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvins (nK). Under such conditions, a large fraction of the atoms collapse into the lowest quantum state. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bose-Einstein condensate"
In physics, bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles which form totally-symmetric composite quantum states. Bosons obey Bose-Einstein statistics and are also the only particles in which any number can share the same quantum state. The spin-statistics theorem identify bosons as having integer spin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Boson"
The Bragg formulation of X-ray diffraction (also referred to as Bragg diffraction) was first proposed by William Lawrence Bragg and William Henry Bragg in 1913 in response to their discovery that crystalline solids produced surprising patterns of reflected X-rays (in contrast to that of, say, a liquid). They found that in these crystals, for certain specific wavelengths and incident angles, intense peaks of reflected radiation (known as Bragg peaks) were produced. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bragg diffraction" Good to know http://www.shortopedia.com.
In mathematics and solid state physics, the first Brillouin zone is the primitive cell in the reciprocal lattice in momentum space. It is found by the same method as for the Wigner-Seitz cell in the Bravais lattice. The importance of the Brillouin zone stems from the Bloch wave description of waves in a periodic medium, in which it is found that the solutions can be completely characterized by their behavior in a single Brillouin zone. ...more on Wikipedia about "Brillouin zone"
Cassie's law describes the effective contact angle θc for a liquid on a composite surface . The law explains how simply roughing up a surface increases the apparent surface angle. The law is stated as: ...more on Wikipedia about "Cassie's law"
In general, a colloid or colloidal dispersion is a one- phase system of two or more components; a type of mixture intermediate between homogeneous solution and heterogeneous mixtures with properties also intermediate between a solution and a mixture. The dispersed particles of a colloid will typically not diffuse across a membrane through which dissolved ions or molecules will cross. The dispersed phase particles are largely affected by the surface chemistry extent in the colloid and are characterized by particle interactions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Colloid"
Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of constituents in a system is extremely large and the interactions between the constituents are strong. The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the electric force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the superfluid and the Bose-Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperatures, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials, and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices. ...more on Wikipedia about "Condensed matter physics"
In semiconductors and insulators, the conduction band is the range of electron energy, higher than that of the valence band, sufficient to make the electrons free to accelerate under the influence of an applied electric field and thus constitute an electric current. ...more on Wikipedia about "Conduction band"
The contact angle is the angle at which a liquid/ vapor interface meets the solid surface. The contact angle is specific for any given system and is determined by the interactions across the three interfaces. Most often the concept is illustrated with a small liquid droplet resting on a flat horizontal solid surface. Ideally, the droplet should be as small as possible because the force of gravity, for example, can actually change the above-mentioned angle. The shape of the droplet is determined by the Young-Laplace equation (different from the well-known Laplace equation). The contact angle plays the role of a boundary condition. ...more on Wikipedia about "Contact angle"
A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from either a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. Time is used in the x-axis while temperature is used for the y-axis. They are often used in chemistry and physics, and can apply (misleadingly) to matter behaviour during heating, as well as during cooling. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cooling curve"
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In chemistry and condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state, specifies the conditions ( temperature, pressure) at which the liquid state of the matter ceases to exist. As a liquid is heated, its density decreases while the pressure and density of the vapor being formed increases. The liquid and vapor densities become closer and closer to each other until the critical temperature is reached where the two densities are equal and the liquid-gas line or phase boundary disappears. ...more on Wikipedia about "Critical point (chemistry)"
The critical temperature, Tc, of a material is the temperature above which distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. As the critical temperature is approached, the properties of the gas and liquid phases become the same. Above the critical temperature, there is only one phase. The critical pressure is the vapor pressure at the critical temperature. The critical molar volume is the volume of one mole of material at the critical temperature and pressure. On diagrams showing thermodynamic properties for a given substance, the point at critical temperature and critical pressure is called the critical point of the substance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Critical temperature"
Crystal momentum is a term used to describe the momentum-like quantum number associated with electrons in a crystal. In order to understand crystal momentum, it is important to consider the approximations that are made to describe the electrons in a crystal. ...more on Wikipedia about "Crystal momentum"
Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in anisotropic media, that is, media (such as crystals) in which light behaves differently depending on which direction the light is propagating. Crystals are often naturally anisotropic, and in some media (such as liquid crystals) it is possible to induce anisotropy by applying e.g. an external electric field. ...more on Wikipedia about "Crystal optics"
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