Cosmology Cosmology The heat death is a possible final state of the universe, in which it has "run down" to a state of no free energy to sustain motion or life. In physical terms, it has reached maximum entropy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Heat death of the universe"
The history of the Big Bang theory begins with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations. Much of the theoretical work in cosmology now involves extensions and refinements to the basic Big Bang theory. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of the Big Bang"
The horizon problem is a problem with the standard cosmological model of the Big Bang which was identified in the 1970s, but may have been answered by inflationary theory. ...more on Wikipedia about "Horizon problem"
The Horrendous Space Kablooie is an alternate term for the Big Bang, coined by Bill Watterson in his comic strip Calvin and Hobbes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Horrendous Space Kablooie"
Hubble's law is the statement in physical cosmology that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance. The law was first formulated by Edwin Hubble and Milton Humason in 1929 after nearly a decade of observations. It is considered the first observational basis for the expanding space paradigm and today serves as one of the most often cited pieces of evidence in support of the Big Bang. The most recent calculation of the constant was done by the satellite WMAP in 2003, yielding a value of 71±4 (km/s)/ Mpc. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hubble's law"
The inflationary epoch is the term used in cosmology to describe the brief time in the very early universe when, according to inflation theory, the universe was expanding exponentially. It is believed to have occurred about 10-35 seconds after the Big Bang when the temperature of the universe was 1027 kelvins. At this point, in a process called symmetry breaking, a phase transition caused by the cooling of the universe occurred as the strong force stopped being unified with the weak and electromagnetic forces. ...more on Wikipedia about "Inflationary epoch"
The inflaton is the generic name of the unidentified scalar field (and its associated particle), that may be responsible for an episode of inflation in the very early universe. According to inflation theory, the inflaton field provided the mechanism to drive a period of rapid expansion from 10−35 to 10−34 seconds after the initial expansion that formed the universe. ...more on Wikipedia about "Inflaton"
Cosmology is defined as the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe. Many are now using the word Integral in reference to their approach to the study of Cosmology. Integral Cosmological Theories attempt an all-unifying perspective of the Cosmos. Integral Cosmologies attempt to explain and embrace the whole rather than being exclusive of certain parts of the Cosmic existence. ...more on Wikipedia about "Integral Cosmology"
The integrated Sachs Wolfe effect is a change in the fluctuations of the temperature of the cosmic microwave background due to evolution of the Universe according to the standard Big Bang model. ...more on Wikipedia about "Integrated Sachs Wolfe effect"
The javelin argument is an ancient and elementary argument of cosmology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Javelin argument"
In physics, Kaluza-Klein theory (or KK theory, for short) is a model which sought to unify the two fundamental forces of gravitation and electromagnetism. The theory was first published in 1921 and was discovered by the mathematician Theodor Kaluza who extended general relativity to a five-dimensional spacetime. The resulting equations can be separated out into further sets of equations, one of which is equivalent to Einstein field equations, another set equivalent to Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field and the final part an extra scalar field now termed the " radion". ...more on Wikipedia about "Kaluza-Klein theory"
ΛCDM or Lambda-CDM is an abbreviation for Lambda-Cold Dark Matter. It represents the current concordance model of big bang cosmology that explains cosmic microwave background observations, as well as large scale structure observations and supernovae observations of the accelerating expansion of the universe. It is the simplest model that is in agreement with all the observations. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lambda-CDM model"
The Law of Three in the metaphysical teaching of G.I. Gurdjieff is also called "Triamazikamno" and is described by Gurdjieff and his followers as "the second fundamental primordial cosmic law" The Law of Three is dualism plus a third force. ...more on Wikipedia about "Law of Three"
In physics, leptogenesis is a process which creates leptons. Theories of leptogenesis try to explain how the Universe changed form a state with no leptons just after the Big Bang to a state containing many leptons (mostly electrons) today. The equivalent problem for baryons is called baryogenesis. Baryogenesis and leptogenesis may be connected by sphalerons, which can convert leptons into baryons and vice versa. ...more on Wikipedia about "Leptogenesis (physics)" Go crack a http://www.shortopedia.com!
In astronomical spectroscopy, the Lyman alpha forest is the sum of absorption lines arising from the Lyman alpha transition in the spectra of distant galaxies and quasars. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lyman-alpha forest"
M-theory (sometimes also called U-theory) is a theory of physics, which is believed to incorporate and generalize the various superstring theories. Edward Witten proposed the existence of this physical model at a conference at USC in 1995, explaining a number of previously observed dualities and sparked a flurry of new research in string theory. ...more on Wikipedia about "M-theory"
M-theory is a cutting-edge theory of physics that deals with the extension of superstring theory. It is somewhat contentious in the physics community, in the absence of experimental backup. If ever experimentally verified, M-theory and string theory would represent remarkable advances in science. ...more on Wikipedia about "M-theory (simplified)"
In scientific and fictional narrative, a parallel universe or alternate universe, sometimes popularly referred to incorrectly as an 'alternate dimension', is a hypothetical universe which exists separately from our own. Since speculating that a universe does not contain all that exists, the concept of a multiverse contains multiple (or infinite) universes. Some cosmological theories postulate the existence of multiple, possibly infinitely many, parallel universes, which depending on the theory, may or may not mutually interact. ...more on Wikipedia about "Many worlds and possible worlds in literature and art"
In 1933 when Fritz Zwicky was studying galaxy clusters he observed that the amount of gravity in the clusters was much larger than the visible matter. In fact, there was only enough matter to account for 10% of the cluster's total gravity. This meant that 90% of the gravity holding the clustered galaxies together could not be explained by visible matter. Missing mass (eventually called dark matter) was proposed to explain the lack of mass and account for the additional gravity. See also Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). ...more on Wikipedia about "Missing mass"
A multiverse (or meta-universe) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes, including the observable universe, which comprise the absolute whole of physical reality. The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. ...more on Wikipedia about "Multiverse"
In physics, a non-gaussianity is the correction that modifies the expected gaussian function estimate for the measurement of a physical quantity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Non-gaussianity"
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A non-standard cosmology is a cosmological framework that fundamentally contradicts one of the basic aspects of the big bang model of physical cosmology. These are: ...more on Wikipedia about "Non-standard cosmology"
Observational cosmology is the study of the structure, the evolution and the origin of the universe through observation, using instruments such as telescopes and cosmic ray detectors. ...more on Wikipedia about "Observational cosmology"
Omega point is a term used by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin to describe the aim towards which consciousness evolves; he held that evolution was a process converging toward a final unity. According to Chardin and the Russian scholar and biologist Vladimir Vernadsky (The Geosphere [1924] and The Biosphere [1926]), the planet is in a transformative process, metamorphosing from the biosphere into the noosphere. ...more on Wikipedia about "Omega point"
The Omega Point is a term used by Tulane University professor of mathematics and physics Frank J. Tipler to describe a hypothetical cosmological scenario in the far future of the Universe. According to the omega point theory, as the Universe comes to an end in a Big Crunch, the computational capacity of the Universe is capable of increasing at a sufficient rate that this computation rate is accelerating exponentially faster than time runs out. In principle, a simulation run on this Universe-computer can thus continue forever in its own terms, even though the external Universe lasts only a finite time. This theory assumes that certain cosmological variables prove that the universe will eventually contract, and that there will be intelligent civilizations in existence at the appropriate time to exploit the computational capacity of such an environment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Omega point (Tipler)"
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