Cryptography Cryptography 3-D Secure (tm) is a xml-based protocol to allow authentication of cardholders of credit card companies in epayment transactions. The protocol was developed by Visa and was adopted under the names Verified By Visa and Mastercard Secure Code. ...more on Wikipedia about "3-D Secure"
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the block cipher ratified as a standard by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), was chosen using a process markedly more open and transparent than its predecessor, the ageing Data Encryption Standard (DES). This process won plaudits from the open cryptographic community, and helped to increase confidence in the security of the winning algorithm from those who were suspicious of backdoors in the predecessor, DES. ...more on Wikipedia about "Advanced Encryption Standard process"
In cryptography, an all-or-nothing transform (AONT), also known as an all-or-nothing protocol, is a encryption mode which allows the data to be understood only if all of it is known. AONTs are not encryption, but frequently make use of symmetric ciphers and may be applied before encryption. In exact terms, "an AONT is an unkeyed, invertible, randomized transformation, with the property that it is hard to invert unless all of the output is known." ** ...more on Wikipedia about "All-or-nothing transform"
The American Cryptogram Association is an American non-profit organization devoted to the hobby of cryptography, with an emphasis on types of codes, ciphers, and cryptograms that can be solved either with pencil and paper, or with computers, but not computer-only systems. ...more on Wikipedia about "American Cryptogram Association"
Authenticated Encryption (AE) is a term used to describe encryption systems which simultaneously protect confidentiality and authenticity (integrity) of communications. These goals have long been studied, but they have only recently enjoyed a high level of interest from cryptographers due to the complexity of implementing systems for privacy and authentication separately in a single application. ...more on Wikipedia about "Authenticated encryption"
In computer security, an authorization certificate (also known as an attribute certificate) is a digital document that describes a written permission from the issuer to use a service or a resource that the issuer controls or has access to use. The permission can be delegated. ...more on Wikipedia about "Authorization certificate"
:This article is about cryptography; for other meanings, see snowball effect. ...more on Wikipedia about "Avalanche effect" It must be http://www.shortopedia.com.
Banburismus was a process invented by Alan Turing at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. It was used by Hut 8 at Bletchley Park to break German Kriegsmarine (i.e Naval) Enigma. It was a codebreaking procedure which used an early form of Bayesian networks to infer information about the settings of the Enigma machine. It gave rise to Turing's conception of information, measured in bans — roughly the same concept as Shannon entropy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Banburismus"
Bigrams are groups of two written letters, two syllables, or two words, and are very commonly used as the basis for simple statistical analysis of text; one of the most successful language models for speech recognition (Collins, 1996). They are a type of N-gram. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bigram"
The Bit independence criterion (BIC) states that output bits j & k should change independently when any single input bit i is inverted, for all i, j and k. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bit independence criterion"
A blind credential is a token asserting that someone qualifies under some criteria or has some status or right, without revealing "who" that person is — without including their name or address, for instance. It is used in maintaining medical privacy and increasingly for consumer privacy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Blind credential"
In cryptography, a blind signature is a form of digital signature in which the content of a message is disguised ( blinded) before it is signed. The resulting blind signature can be publicly verified against the original, unblinded message in the manner of a regular digital signature. Blind signatures are typically employed in privacy-related protocols where the signer and message author are different parties. Examples include cryptographic election systems and digital cash schemes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Blind signature"
In cryptography, blinding is a technique by which an agent can provide a service to (i.e, compute a function for) a client in an encoded form without knowing either the real input or the real output. Blinding techniques also have applications to preventing side-channel attacks on encryption devices. ...more on Wikipedia about "Blinding (cryptography)"
In modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on a fixed length string of bits. The length of this bit string is the block size. Both the input ( plaintext) and output ( ciphertext) are the same length; the output cannot be shorter than the input — this is logically required by the Pigeonhole principle and the fact that the cipher must be invertible — and it is simply undesirable for the output to be longer than the input. ...more on Wikipedia about "Block size (cryptography)" Things Go Better with http://www.shortopedia.com.
In mathematics, a Boolean function is usually a function ...more on Wikipedia about "Boolean function"
Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic (also known as the BAN logic) uses postulates ...more on Wikipedia about "Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic"
The Byzantine Generals problem and several solutions were originally described by Lamport, Shostak, and Pease in ACM Transaction on Programming Languages and Systems in 1982 (see References). ...more on Wikipedia about "Byzantine fault tolerance"
Cartome is a companion site to Cryptome. It is an archive of spatial and geographic documents on privacy, cryptography, dual-use technologies, national security and intelligence -- communicated by imagery systems: cartography, photography, photogrammetry, steganography, climatography, seismography, geography, camouflage, maps, images, drawings, charts, diagrams, imagery intelligence (IMINT) and their reverse-panopticon and counter-deception potential. Administrator is architect Deborah Natsios, longtime Cryptome partner. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cartome"
Cipher runes are the cryptographical replacement of the letters of the runic alphabet. Several schemes have been in use. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cipher runes"
Ciphertext indistinguishability is an important property of many encryption schemes. Intuitively, if a cryptosystem possesses the property of indistinguishability, then an adversary will be unable to distinguish pairs of ciphertexts based on the message they encrypt. The property of indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack is considered a basic requirement for most provably secure public key cryptosystems, though some schemes also provide indistinguishability under chosen ciphertext attack and adaptive chosen ciphertext attack. Indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack is equivalent to the property of semantic security, and many cryptographic proofs use these definitions interchangeably. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ciphertext indistinguishability"
In mathematical and computer science field of cryptography, a group of three numbers (x,y,z) is said to be a claw of two permutations f0 and f1 if and only if f0(x) = f1(y) = z. ...more on Wikipedia about "Claw (cryptography)"
In data communications, cleartext is the form of a message or data which is transferred or stored without cryptographic protection. It is related to, but not entirely equivalent to, the term " plaintext". The phrases, "in clear" and "in the clear" are equivalent. For example, "The keys in the Foo protocol are exchanged as cleartext." would mean that the keys are not encrypted during transmission. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cleartext"
In the context of cryptography, a code is a method used to transform a message into an obscured form, preventing those not in on the secret from understanding what is actually transmitted. The usual method is to use a codebook with a list of common phrases or words matched with a codeword. Messages in code are sometimes termed codetext. ...more on Wikipedia about "Code (cryptography)"
Code talkers were Native American soldiers serving in the U.S. forces who transmitted secret messages over radio or telephone using codes based on their native languages. The name refers chiefly to Navajo language speakers in special units in the Pacific Theater of World War II. However, the Choctaw language, Comanche language, and other languages were also used, beginning in World War I. In World War II the U.S. military (particularly the U.S. Marines) used Navajo speakers for the first time. ...more on Wikipedia about "Code talker"
In telecommunication, the term code word has the following meanings: ...more on Wikipedia about "Code word"
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