Endocrinology Endocrinology The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) is a major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress and has important functions in regulating various body processes such as digestion, the immune system and energy usage. Species from humans to the most ancient organisms share components of the HPA axis. It is the mechanism for a set of interactions among glands, hormones and parts of the mid-brain that mediate a general adaptation syndrome. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis"
Hypothyroidism is the disease state caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. There are several distinct causes for chronic hypothyroidism, the most common being Hashimoto's thyroiditis and hypothyroidism following radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hypothyroidism"
Idiopathic hypoglycemia is, literally, a medical condition in which the glucose level in the blood ( blood glucose) is abnormally low due to an undeterminable cause. This is considered an incomplete and unsatisfactory diagnosis by physicians and is rarely used by endocrinologists, as it implies an unfinished diagnostic evaluation. In general, the more severe the hypoglycemia and the more clearly it is proven, the less likely it is to remain "idiopathic." ...more on Wikipedia about "Idiopathic hypoglycemia"
Idiopathic short stature (ISS) refers to extreme short stature that does not have a diagnostic explanation (idiopathic designates a condition that is unexplained or not understood) after an ordinary growth evaluation. The term has been in use since the 1980s or earlier without a precise percentile or statistical definition of "extreme," ...more on Wikipedia about "Idiopathic short stature"
In medicine, an incidentaloma is a tumor (-oma) found by coincidence (incidental) without clinical symptoms and suspicion. It is a common problem: up to 7% of all patients over 60 may harbor a benign growth, often of the adrenal gland, which is detected when diagnostic imaging is used for the analysis of unrelated symptoms. With the increase of "whole-body CT scanning" as part of health screening programs, the chance of finding incidentalomas is expected to increase. ...more on Wikipedia about "Incidentaloma"
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are polypeptides with high sequence similarity to insulin. IGFs are part of a complex system that cells use to communicate with their physiologic enviornment. This complex system (often referred to as the IGF "axis) consists of two cell-surface receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R), two ligands (IGF-I and IGF-II), a family of six high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBP 1-6), as well as associated IGFBP degrading enzymes, referred to collectivly as proteases. This system is important for both the regulation of normal physiology, as well as a number of pathological states, including cancer. The IGF axis has been shown to play roles in the promotion of cell proliferation and the inhibition of cell death (apoptosis). IGF-II is thought to be a primary growth factor required for early development while IGF-I expression is seen in later life. Gene knockout studies in mice have confirmed this though other animals are likely to regulate the expression of these genes in distinct ways. While IGF- 2 may be primarily fetal in action it is also essential for development and function of organs such as the brain, liver and kidney. ...more on Wikipedia about "Insulin-like growth factor"
An insulinoma is a tumour of the pancreas derived from the beta cells which while retaining the ability to synthesize and secrete insulin is autonomous of the normal feedback mechanisms. Patients present with symptomatic hypoglycemia which is ameliorated by feeding. The diagnosis of an insulinoma is usually made biochemically with low blood sugar, elevated insulin, pro-insulin and C-peptide levels and confirmed by medical imaging or angiography. The definitive treatment is surgery. ...more on Wikipedia about "Insulinoma"
Kallmann syndrome is an example of hypogonadism (decreased functioning of the sex hormone-producing glands) caused by a deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is created by the hypothalamus. Kallmann syndrome is also known as hypothalamic hypogonadism, familial hypogonadism with anosmia, or gonadotropic hypogonadism, reflecting its disease mechanism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kallmann syndrome"
Kennedy disease (KD) or X-linked spinal-bulbar muscle atrophy is a neuromuscular disease associated with mutations of the androgen receptor (AR). Because of its endocrine manifestations related to the impairment of the AR, it can be viewed as a variation of the disorders of the androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). It is named after WR Kennedy, a neurologist who was among the first to describe this disease. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kennedy disease"
Ketoacidosis is a type of metabolic acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of keto acids, formed by the deamination of amino acids. This is most common in untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus, when the liver breaks down fat and proteins in response to a perceived need for respiratory substrate. Ketoacidosis should not be confused with ketosis, which is one of the body's processes for the metabolism of body fat. Ketoacidosis is usually accompanied by dehydration, hyperglycemia, and insulin deficiency. Since insulin is required to utilize glucose, lack of insulin means the body cannot utilize glucose and causes an energy crisis and the body goes to extremes to produce more glucose and also provide ketone bodies for energy. Glucose accumulates to the point that the kidney must use water to spill it into the urine, losing that water and causing dehydration in the process. The dehydration exacerbates the acidosis in a vicious cycle. Alcoholic ketoacidosis is also an energy crisis but of different origin. Because alcohol causes dehydration and blocks the first step of gluconeogenesis, the body is unable to synthesize enough glucose to meet its needs, thus the energy crisis begins. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ketoacidosis"
Kussmaul breathing is the rapid, deep, and labored breathing (see hyperventilation) of people who have acidosis. Kussmaul breathing is named for Adolph Kussmaul, the 19th century German doctor who first noted it. It is also called "air hunger". ...more on Wikipedia about "Kussmaul breathing"
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) refers to a class and range of lipoprotein particles, varying in their size (18-25 nm in diameter) and contents, which carry cholesterol in the blood and around the body, for use by cells. It is the final stage of VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) which is produced by the liver. The LDL contains the apoprotein B-100 (Apo B-100) among it plasma lipids. It is commonly referred to as "bad cholesterol" due to the link between high LDL levels and cardiovascular disease. ...more on Wikipedia about "Low density lipoprotein"
Menopause (also known as the "Change of life" or climacteric) is a stage of the human female reproductive cycle that occurs as the ovaries stop producing estrogen, causing the reproductive system to gradually shut down. As the body adapts to the changing levels of natural hormones, vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and palpitations, psychological symptoms such as increased depression, anxiety, irritability, mood swings and lack of concentration, and atrophic symptoms such as vaginal dryness and urgency of urination appear. Together with these symptoms, the woman may also have increasingly scanty and erratic menstrual periods. ...more on Wikipedia about "Menopause"
A metabolic disease is a disease caused by malfunction in the human total metabolism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Metabolic disease"
Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that affect a large number of people in a clustered fashion. In some studies, the prevalence in the USA is calculated as being up to 15% of the population. ...more on Wikipedia about "Metabolic syndrome"
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) (or "multiple endocrine adenomas", or "multiple endocrine adenomatosis" -- "MEA") consists of three syndromes featuring tumors of endocrine glands, each with its own characteristic pattern. The presence of any one tumor type does not automatically have a patient labelled as MEN, but a search of the other at-risk areas is usually undertaken, especially when there are suggestive clinical signs. ...more on Wikipedia about "Multiple endocrine neoplasia"
Nesidioblastosis is a controversial medical term for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia attributed to an abnormal microscopic appearance of pancreatic islet development. The term was coined in the first half of the 20th century. The abnormal histologic aspects of the tissue included the presence of islet cell enlargement, islet cell dysplasia, beta cells budding from ductal epithelium, and islets in apposition to ducts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nesidioblastosis"
Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. The concept arose from the recognition that the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland was closely controlled by the brain, and especially by the hypothalamus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Neuroendocrinology"
(Neurohormone) Any hormone produced by neurosecretory cells, usually in the brain. Neurohormonal activity is distinguished from that of classical neurotransmitters as it can have effects on cells distant from the source of the hormone. ...more on Wikipedia about "Neurohormone"
Obesity is a condition where the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and mammals is increased to a point where it is thought to be a significant risk factor for certain health conditions as well as increased mortality. Obesity in wild animals is relatively rare, but it is common in domestic animals like pigs and household pets who may be overfed and underexercised. ...more on Wikipedia about "Obesity"
Orexins, also called hypocretins, are the common names given to a pair of highly excititory neuropeptide hormones that were simultaneously discovered by two groups of reseachers in rat brains. Masashi Yanagisawa and colleagues at a Howard Hughes Medical Institute-funded lab at the University of Texas at Austin, coined the term orexin to reflect the orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) activity of these hormones. Luis DeLecea, Tom Kilduff, and colleagues also reported discovery of these same peptides, dubbing them hypocretins to indicate that they are synthesized in the hypothalamus and to reflect their similarity to a class of hormones called incretins (i.e., hypothalamic incretin). The two highly-related peptides (Orexin A and B, or Hypocretin-1 and -2) are produced by cleavage of a single precursor protein. Although these peptides are produced by a very small population of cells in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus, they send projections throughout the brain. ...more on Wikipedia about "Orexin" Things go better with www.shortopedia.com.
Osteoporosis is a disease of bone in which bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced and bone microarchitecture is disrupted. Osteoporotic bones are susceptible to fracture. It is defined according to the bone mineral density as measured by DEXA: a BMD of 2.5 standard deviations below the peak bone mass (20-year-old person standard) is indicative of osteoporosis. While treatment modalities are becoming available, prevention is still the most important way to reduce fracture. Due to its hormonal component, more women suffer from osteoporosis than men. ...more on Wikipedia about "Osteoporosis"
Pediatric endocrinology ( British: Paediatric) is a medical subspecialty dealing with variations of physical growth and sexual development in childhood, as well as diabetes and other disorders of the endocrine glands. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pediatric endocrinology"
A pheochromocytoma (also phaeochromocytoma, English spelling) is a tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands originating in the chromaffin cells, which secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually epinephrine and norepinephrine. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pheochromocytoma"
Pickardt-syndrome (or Pickardt-Fahlbusch-Syndrome) denotes a rare form of tertiary hypothyroidism that is caused by interruption of the portal veins connecting hypothalamus and pituitary, e.g. due to tumors compressing the infundibulum. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pickardt syndrome" The Ultimate www.shortopedia.com Machine. shortopedia
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