Epidemiology Epidemiology Auxology is a meta-term covering the study of all aspects of human physical growth; though it is also a fundamental of biology generally. Auxology is a highly multi-disciplinary science involving health sciences / medicine ( pediatrics, general practice, endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, physiology, epidemiology, and to a lesser degree other fields), nutrition, genetics, anthropology, anthropometry, ergonomics, history, economic history, economics, socioeconomics, sociology, public health, and psychology, among others. ...more on Wikipedia about "Auxology"
In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number of an infection is the mean number of secondary cases a typical single infected case will cause in a population with no immunity to the disease in the absence of interventions to control the infection. It is often denoted R0 . ...more on Wikipedia about "Basic reproduction number"
The basic reproductive rate or the intrinsic rate of reproduction is the number of secondary infections caused by the introduction of a single infectious case into a completely susceptible population. This metric is useful because it helps determine whether or not an infectious disease will spread through a population. ...more on Wikipedia about "Basic reproductive rate"
In medicine, blinding is used in clinical trials of treatment or other interventions to increase the reliability of the result, by reducing the potential for bias, especially observer bias. A blind trial implies that one or more of the humans involved in a trial do not know what intervention, or lack of intervention, has been given. ...more on Wikipedia about "Blinding (medicine)"
The British doctors study is the generally accepted name of a prospective clinical trial which has been running from 1951 to 2001, and in 1956 provided convincing statistical proof that tobacco smoking increased the risk of lung cancer. ...more on Wikipedia about "British Doctors Study"
Cancer cluster is a term used by epidemiologists, statisticians, and public health workers to define an occurrence of a greater-than-expected number of cancer cases within a group of people in a geographic area over a period of time . Historical examples of work-related cancer clusters are well documented in the medical literature. Notable examples include: scrotal cancer among chimney sweeps in 18th century London, osteosarcoma among female watch dial painters in the 20th century, skin cancer in farmers, bladder cancer in dye workers exposed to aniline compounds, and leukemia and lymphoma in chemical workers exposed to benzene . Cancer cluster suspicions usually arise when members of the general public report that their family members, friends, neighbors, or coworkers have been diagnosed with the same or related cancers. State or local health departments will investigate the possibility of a cancer cluster when a claim is filed . In order to justify investigating such claims, health departments conduct a preliminary review. Data will be collected and verified regarding: the types of cancer reported, numbers of cases, geographic area of the cases, and the patients clinical history. At this point, a committee of medical professionals will examine the data and determine whether or not an investigation (often lengthy and expensive) is justified . In the U.S., state and local health departments respond to more than 1,000 inquiries about suspected cancer clusters each year. It is possible that a suspected cancer cluster may be due to chance alone, however, only clusters that have a disease rate that is statistically significantly greater than the disease rate of the general population are investigated. Given the number of inquiries it is likely that even some of these are due to chance alone. A cluster is more likely to be "genuine" if the case consists of one type of cancer, a rare type of cancer, or a type of cancer that is not usually found in a certain age group. Between 5% to 15% of suspected cancer clusters are statistically significant . ==See also== * Biostatistics * Incidence * List of cancer clusters * Risk assessment * Toxicology ==Notes== * Cancer Cluster FAQ . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects. * Cancer Facts . National Cancer Institute. U.S. National Institutes of Health. * M. J. Thun and T. Sinks. Understanding Cancer Clusters. CA Cancer J Clin 2004; 54:273-280 ...more on Wikipedia about "Cancer cluster"
Case-control studies are one type of epidemiological study design. ...more on Wikipedia about "Case-control"
The China Project is an ongoing extensive study of the correlation of disease epidemiology with the increasing urbanisation of the many provinces of China, and with the changes in eating patterns and lifestyles which this Westernisation is bringing. ...more on Wikipedia about "China project"
A cohort study is a form of longitudinal study used in medicine and social science. It is one type of Study design. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cohort study"
A population comprises a large number of individuals, all of whom are different in various fields. In order to model the progress of an epidemic in such a population this diversity must be reduced to a few key characteristics which are relevant to the infection under consideration. For example, for most common childhood diseases which confer long-lasting immunity it makes sense to divide the population into those who are susceptible to the disease, those who are infected and those who have recovered and are immune. These subdivisions of the population are called compartments. ...more on Wikipedia about "Compartmental models in epidemiology"
In epidemiology, contact tracing is the identification and diagnosis of persons who may have come into contact with an infected person. For sexually transmitted diseases, this is generally limited to sexual partners but for highly virulent diseases such as Ebola and tuberculosis, a thorough contact tracing would require information regarding casual contacts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Contact tracing"
Dry sex is a sexual practice of minimizing vaginal secretions by using intravaginal desiccants, by wiping out the vagina, or by other methods before and during sexual intercourse, thus making the woman's vagina dry and tight. The practice is supposed to generate extra sensation for the man during intercourse but has the disadvantage that it is uncomfortable for the woman. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dry sex"
In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people) in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. For example, chickenpox is endemic in the UK, but malaria is not. Every year, there are a few cases of malaria acquired in the UK, but these do not lead to sustained transmission in the population due to the lack of a suitable vector (mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles). ...more on Wikipedia about "Endemic (epidemiology)"
In epidemiology, environmental factors are those determinants of disease that are not transmitted genetically. Apart from the true monogenic genetic disorders, environmental factors may determine the development of disease in those genetically predisposed to a particular condition. Diet, tobacco smoking, exposure to toxins, sunlight, pathogens or radiation are common environmental factors that determine a large segment of non-hereditary disease. ...more on Wikipedia about "Environmental factor"
In epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is "expected," based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during a specified period of time is called the "incidence rate"). (An epizootic is the same thing but for a nonhuman population.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Epidemic"
The Epidemic Intelligence Service is a program of the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Established in 1951 due to biological warfare concerns arising from the Korean War, it has become a hands-on two-year postgraduate training program in epidemiology, with a focus on field work. It is now run through the CDC's Office of Workforce and Career Development. Persons participating in the program, popularly called "disease detectives," are called "EIS Officers" by the CDC and have been dispatched to investigate possible epidemics, due to both natural and artificial causes, including anthrax, hantavirus, and West Nile virus in the United States and Ebola in Uganda and Zaire. ...more on Wikipedia about "Epidemic Intelligence Service"
Readers not making a formal study of epidemiology will often see the names of epidemiological methods quoted without reference to their actual definition. ...more on Wikipedia about "Epidemiological methods"
Epidemiology is the scientific study of factors affecting the health and illness of individuals and populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. It is considered acornerstone methodology of public health research, and is highly regarded in evidence-based medicine for identifying risk factors for disease and determining optimal treatment approaches to clinical practice. ...more on Wikipedia about "Epidemiology"
In epidemiology, force of infection (denoted λ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals become infected by an infectious disease. Because it takes account of susceptibility it can be used to compare the rate of transmission between different groups of the population for the same infectious disease, or even between different infectious diseases. That is to say, λ is directly proportional to β; the effective transmission rate. ...more on Wikipedia about "Force of infection"
GIDEON (Global Infectious Diseases On Line) is a web-based program for decision support and informatics in the fields of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine. As of 2005, more than 300 generic infectious diseases occur haphazardly in time and space and are challenged by over 250 drugs and vaccines. 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi have been described. Printed media can no longer follow the dynamics of diseases, outbreaks and epidemics in "real time." Although the advent of electronic media has given us unlimited information access, the search for meaningful data is confusing and time-consuming. ...more on Wikipedia about "GIDEON-Global Infectious Disease Epidemiology Network"
The global spread of H5N1 (an avian virus) is a pandemic threat. ...more on Wikipedia about "Global spread of H5N1"
In medicine, a gold standard test is the diagnostic test that is regarded as definitive in determining whether an individual has a disease process. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gold standard (test)"
H5N1 is an avian influenza virus. It is a pandemic threat. H5N1 flu is what is commonly meant when talking of "bird flu" or "avian influenza" and is a viral disease that causes illness in many species including humans. ...more on Wikipedia about "H5N1"
The Heart Protection Study is a large randomized controlled trial by the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the British Heart Foundation (BHF) in the United Kingdom. It studies the use of statin ( simvastatin 40 mg) medication and vitamin supplementation ( vitamin E, vitamin C and beta carotene) in patients that are at risk for cardiovascular disease. ...more on Wikipedia about "Heart Protection Study"
Virologists and epidemiologists who have studied these areas have found that when a certain percentage of a population is vaccinated, the spread of the disease is effectively stopped. This critical percentage depends on the disease and the vaccine, but 90% is not uncommon. This is herd immunity - the fact that others in the herd or population have been vaccinated provides protection to all others, whether or not vaccinated themselves. ...more on Wikipedia about "Herd immunity"
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