Etruscans Etruscans The Cippus Perusinus or Cippus of Perugia is a stone tablet discovered near Perugia, Italy, in 1822. The tablet bears 46 lines of Etruscan text exquisitely carved into it. Surprisingly well-preserved , the cippus is often assumed to be a text dedicating a legal contract between two Etruscan families; however there is severe doubt about the validity of such a translation when these translated values are carefully cross-referenced with the same words found in other Etruscan texts. Rather, an alternative and more likely view is that this is simply a tombstone for the deceased. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cippus perusinus"
Etruria — usually referred to in Greek and Latin source texts as Tyrrhenia — was an ancient country in Central Italy, located in an area that covered part of what now are Tuscany, Latium and Umbria. It was one of the most important city/states on the Italian peninsula before falling to the Roman Republic in the 3rd century BC. ...more on Wikipedia about "Etruria"
The only Etruscan chariot found intact dates to ca. 530 BC and is now kept at the Metropolitan Museum in New York City. ...more on Wikipedia about "Etruscan chariot"
The Etruscan civilization is the name given today to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy whom ancient Romans called Etrusci, ancient Greeks called Tyrrhenoi and who called themselves Rasenna, syncopated to Rasna. As distinguished by its own language, the civilization endured from an unknown prehistoric time prior to the foundation of Rome until its complete assimilation to Italic Rome in the Roman Republic. At its maximum extent during the foundation period of Rome and the Roman kingdom, it flourished in three confederacies: of Etruria, the Po valley and Latium and Campania. Rome was placed in its territory. There is considerable evidence that early Rome was founded and dominated by Etruscans. ...more on Wikipedia about "Etruscan civilization"
Etruscan was a language spoken and written in the ancient region of Etruria (current Tuscany) and in parts of what are now Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna (where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls), in Italy. However, Latin superseded Etruscan completely, leaving only a few documents and a few loanwords in Latin (e.g., persona from Etruscan phersu), and some place-names, like Parma. ...more on Wikipedia about "Etruscan language"
Any modern discussion of Etruscan mythology will have to be based on the publication of the Praenestine cistae: some two dozen fascicles of the Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum have now appeared. Specifically Etruscan mythological and cult figures appear in the Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Etruscan inscriptions have recently been given a more authoritative presentation by Helmut Rix, Etruskische Texte. ...more on Wikipedia about "Etruscan mythology"
The Etruscan numerals were used by the ancient Etruscans. The system was adapted from the Greek Attic numerals and formed the inspiration for the later Roman numerals. ...more on Wikipedia about "Etruscan numerals" The view on www.shortopedia.com.
Three Etruscan terracotta warriors are art forgeries, statues made to resemble work of ancient Etruscans. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art bought them between 1915 and 1921. ...more on Wikipedia about "Etruscan terracotta warriors"
Hepatoscopy is a form of divination using the internal organs of sacrificed animals, specifically the liver. It is unrelated to endoscopy of this organ. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hepatoscopy"
Lars Porsena (sometimes spelled Lars Porsenna) was an Etruscan king known for his war against the city of Rome. He ruled over the city of Clusium, sometimes referred to as Clevsin. There are no established dates for his rule, but Roman sources often place it at around 500 BC. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lars Porsena"
Latinus or Latinos in Greek mythology, in Hesiod's Theogony, was the son of Odysseus and Circe who ruled the Tyrsenoi, that is the Etruscans, with his brothers Agrius and Telegonus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Latinus"
The Lemnian language is the language of a 6th century BC inscription found on a funerary stela on the island of Lemnos (termed the Lemnos stele, discovered in 1885 near Kaminia). ...more on Wikipedia about "Lemnian language"
The Liber Linteus (Zagrabiensis) (also rarely known as Liber Agramensis) ( Latin: Linen Book (of Zagreb) or Book of Agram) is the longest Etruscan text and the only extant linen book. It remains mostly untranslated due a lack of knowledge about the Etruscan language, though the few words which can be understood indicate that the text is most likely a ritual calendar. ...more on Wikipedia about "Liber Linteus"
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (also called Tarquin the Proud or Tarquin II) was the last of the seven legendary kings of Rome, son of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, and son-in-law of Servius Tullius. Tarquin ruled between 535 BC and 510 BC, in the years immediately before the founding of the Roman Republic. Tarquin was upset that he did not inherit the throne from his father, and to add insult to his perceived injury, his predecessor Servius Tullius was the son of a slave. With his wife's help, he summoned the Senate and proclaimed himself to be king of Rome. Henchmen then murdered Tullius, and Tarquin's wife destroyed her father's body by driving a chariot over it. To further his grip on power, Tarquin orchestrated the murders of key senators who supported Tullius and proceeded at once to repeal the recent reforms in the constitution, seeking to establish a pure despotism in their place. Wars were waged with the Latins and Etruscans, but the lower classes were deprived of their arms and employed in erecting monuments of regal magnificence (and some important public works, such as the Cloaca Maxima), while the sovereign recruited his armies from his own retainers and from the forces of foreign allies. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lucius Tarquinius Superbus"
In Roman folklore, Mezentius was an Etruscan King and father of Lausus. He was sent into exile because of his cruelty, and he moved to Latium. He aided King Turnus against Aeneas and was killed in battle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mezentius"
Negau helmet refers to one of 28 bronze helmets (23 of which are preserved) dating to ca. 400 BC, found in 1811 in a cache in Negau, present Zenjak, in Slovenia. The helmets are of typical Etruscan 'vetulonic' shape, sometimes described as of the Negau type. They were buried in ca. 50 BC, shortly before the Roman invasion of the area. ...more on Wikipedia about "Negau helmet"
Old Italic refers to several now extinct alphabet systems used on the Italian peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic) and non-Indo-European (e.g. Etruscan) languages. ...more on Wikipedia about "Old Italic alphabet"
Populonium ( Etruscan Pupluna), an ancient seaport town of Etruria, Italy, at the north end of the peninsular of Monte Massoncello, at the south end of which is situated the town of Piombino. The place, almost the only Etruscan town built directly on the sea, was situated on a lofty hill now crowned by a conspicuous medieval castle and a poor modern village (Populonia). Considerable remains of its town walls, of large irregular, roughly rectangular blocks (the form is that of the natural splitting of the schistose sandstone), still exist, enclosing a circuit of about 1 1/2 m. The remains existing within them are entirely Roman-a row of vaulted substructions, a water reservoir and a mosaic with representations of fishes. Strabo mentions the existence here of a lookout tower for the shoals of tunny-fish. There are some tombs outside the town, some of which, ranging from the Villanovan period ( 9th century BC) to the middle of the 3rd century BC, were explored in 1908. In one, a large circular tomb, were found three sepulchral couches in stone, carved in imitation of wood, and a fine statuette in bronze of Ajax committing suicide. Close by was found a horse collar with fourteen bronze bells. The remains of a temple, devastated in ancient times (possibly by Dionysius of Syracuse in 384 BC), were also discovered, with fragments of Attic vases of the 5th century BC, which had served as ex volos, in it. Coins of the town have also been found in silver and copper. The iron mines of Elba, and the tin and copper of the mainland, were owned and smelted by the people of Populonia; hot springs too lay some 6 m. to the E (Aquae Populaniae) on the high road--Via Aurelia--along the coast. At this point a road branched off to Saena ( Siena). According to Virgil the town sent a contingent to the help of Aeneas, and it furnished Scipio the Elder with iron in 205 BC. It offered considerable resistance to Sulla, who took it by siege; and from this dates its decline, which Strabo, who describes it well (v. 2, 6, p. 223), already notes as beginning, while four centuries later Rutilius describes it as in ruins. The harbour, however, continued to be of some importance, and the place was still an episcopal see in the time of Gregory the Great. ...more on Wikipedia about "Populonium"
The Pyrgi Tablets, found in an excavation of a sanctuary of that town in Italy, a port of the southern Etruscan town of Caere, are three golden leaves that record a dedication made around 500 BC by Thefarie Velianas, king of Caere, to the Phoenician goddess ‘Ashtart. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pyrgi Tablets"
"Rasenna" (or "rasna") is the word in the Etruscan language that is used to describe the Northern Italian people commonly known as the Etruscans. They were also called Etrusci or Tusci by the Romans and Tyrrhenoi by the Greeks. ...more on Wikipedia about "Rasenna"
Servius Tullius was the sixth legendary king of ancient Rome, and the second king of the Etruscan dynasty. The traditional dates of his reign are 578-535 BC. ...more on Wikipedia about "Servius Tullius"
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Tanaquil was the wife of Lucomo Tarquinius, who later changed his name to Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. Tanaquil encouraged him to immigrate to Rome. While on the road, an eagle flew off with Tarquin's hat. It then returned it to his head. Tanaquil, who was deeply religious, interpreted this as a sign that the gods wanted him to become a king. Tanaquil helped to integrate the family into Roman society, and he was eventually elected to the position of king. As queen she was one of Tarquin's most trusted advisors. After her husband was murdered she maneuvered Servius Tullius into the monarchy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Tanaquil"
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (also called Tarquin I) was the legendary fifth King of Rome, said to have reigned from 616 BC to 579 BC. ...more on Wikipedia about "Tarquinius Priscus"
Veii (pron. WAY-ee or VAY-ee) - or Veius - was in ancient times, an important Etrurian city 16 km NNW of Rome, Italy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Veii"
The Villa Giulia is a magnificent villa built by Pope Julius II on the edge of the city of Rome, 1550–1555. Today it is publicly owned, and houses an impressive collection of Etruscan art and artifacts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Villa Giulia"
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