Exercise physiology Exercise physiology Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide known in biochemistry as the " molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer; that is, ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids. ATP molecules are also used to store the usable energy that plants convert in cellular respiration. In signal transduction pathways, ATP is used to provide the phosphate for the protein-kinase reactions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adenosine triphosphate"
Anabolic steroids are a class of natural and synthetic steroid hormones that promote cell growth and division, resulting in growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength. Steroids act in different ways on the body to promote muscle growth, and every steroid has androgenic and anabolic properties. It is because of this, they are properly referred to in medical texts as AAS (anabolic/androgenic steroids). Testosterone is the best known natural anabolic steroid, as well as the best known natural androgen. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anabolic steroid"
Basal metabolic rate (BMR), is the rate of metabolism when an individual is at rest in a warm environment and is in the post absorptive state, and has not eaten for at least 12 hours. The release of energy in this state is only sufficient for the vital organs such as the heart, lungs, nervous system, and kidneys. BMR decreases with age and with the loss of lean body mass. Regular cardiovascular exercise can increase BMR. Other factors can also affect BMR, such as illness, environmental temperature, and stress levels. ...more on Wikipedia about "Basal metabolic rate"
The circulatory system or cardiovascular system is the organ system which circulates blood around the body of most animals. ...more on Wikipedia about "Circulatory system"
The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In these aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway that forms part of the break down of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Citric acid cycle"
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is the pain or discomfort often felt 24 to 76 hours after exercising and subsides generally within 2 to 3 days. Once thought to be caused by lactic acid buildup, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibres caused by eccentric movements, or unaccustomed training levels. ...more on Wikipedia about "Delayed onset muscle soreness"
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) is a measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity. The extra oxygen is used in the processes that restore the body to a resting state and adapt it to the exercise just performed. These include: hormone balancing, replenishment of fuel stores, cellular repair, innervation, and anabolism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption"
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Exercise physiology is the branch of physiology that studies how the body adapts to physical movement. It is believed to have originated in ancient Greece by Herodicus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Exercise physiology"
Exercise-induced asthma, or E.I.A., is a medical condition characterized by shortness of breath induced by sustained aerobic exercise. It shares many features with other types of asthma, and responds to some typical asthma medications, but does not appear to be caused by the same inflammatory reaction as the other types. ...more on Wikipedia about "Exercise-induced asthma"
Fatigue is a state, following a period of mental or physical activity, characterized by a lessened capacity for work and reduced efficiency of accomplishment, usually accompanied by a feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or irritability. It may also follow when, from any cause, energy expenditure outstrips restorative processes and may be confined to a single organ. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fatigue (physical)"
Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types. Hepatocytes have the highest concentration of it — up to 8% of the fresh weight in well fed state, or 100–120 g in an adult — giving liver a distinctive, "starchy" taste. In the muscles, glycogen is found in a much lower concentration (1% of the muscle mass), but the total amount exceeds that in liver. Small amounts of glycogen are found in the kidneys, and even smaller amounts in certain glial cells in the brain and white blood cells. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glycogen"
Lactic acid (α-hydroxypropionic acid, AHA),also known as milk acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in several biochemical processes. Lactate is its ionic equivalent. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lactic acid"
A unit of metabolic equivalent, or MET, is defined as the number of calories consumed by an organism per minute in an activity relative to the Basal metabolic rate (BMR/RMR, see below). A single unit (1 MET) is the caloric consumption of that organism, or individual, while at complete rest. For example, one might consider the restful state following a quiet night's sleep as a good example of a single MET. This is a base-line unit for that one individual, and since each individual has a varying BMR, a MET is, therefore, variable from one person to the next. One might consider a single unit the energy required to just stay alive without doing anything more. ...more on Wikipedia about "Metabolic equivalent"
Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. It is one of the four major tissue types, the other three being epithelium, connective tissue and nervous tissue. Muscle contraction is used to move parts of the body, as well as to move substances within the body. ...more on Wikipedia about "Muscle" There's a bit of http://www.shortopedia.com in all of us. shortopedia
A muscle contraction (also known as a muscle twitch or simply twitch) occurs when a muscle cell (called a muscle fiber) shortens. Locomotion is possible only through the repeated contraction of many muscles at the correct times. ...more on Wikipedia about "Muscle contraction"
Overtraining is a common problem in weight training, but it can also be experienced by runners and other athletes. It occurs when the volume and intensity of the exercise exceeds an individual's recovery capacity. They cease making progress, and can even begin to lose strength and fitness. ...more on Wikipedia about "Overtraining"
Pyruvic acid (CH3COCO2H) is an alpha-keto acid, of the keto acid group. The anion of pyruvic acid is called pyruvate. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pyruvic acid"
The respiratory system is the biological system of any organism that engages in gas exchange. Even trees have respiratory systems, taking in carbon dioxide and emitting oxygen constantly. ...more on Wikipedia about "Respiratory system"
The training effect is a physical phenomenon known to athletes. When a person exercises at a certain level for a certain duration over a certain number of weeks, their body will elevate its metabolism to a higher level - it will continue at this level as long as a certain amount of exercise is performed each couple of days (but see footnote). This effect was discovered by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper for the United States Air Force in the late 1960s. Dr. Cooper coined the term "Training Effect" for this. ...more on Wikipedia about "Training effect"
V̇O2 max is defined as the maximum volume of oxygen that a person can metabolise during exercise. (The derivation is V̇ - rate of volume, O2 - oxygen, max - maximum.) It is expressed either as an absolute rate in litres per minute (l/min) or as a relative rate in millilitres per kilogram of bodyweight per minute (ml/kg/min). ...more on Wikipedia about "VO2 max"
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