Experimental design Experimental design The alternate hypothesis, or alternative hypothesis, together with the null hypothesis are the two rival hypothesis whose likelihoods are compared by a statistical hypothesis test. Usually the alternate hypothesis is the possibility that an observed effect is genuine and the null hypothesis is the rival possibility that it has resulted from random chance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alternate hypothesis"
In statistics, the alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis proposed to explain a statistically significant difference between results, that is if the Null Hypothesis has been rejected. Therefore, in rejecting the Null and accepting the Alternative, one is assuming that a factor or several factors are having an effect on the samples. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alternative hypothesis"
An antecedent variable is a variable that occurs before the independent variable and the dependent variable. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antecedent variable"
Case-control studies are one type of epidemiological study design. ...more on Wikipedia about "Case-control"
In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clinical trial"
Cluster sampling is used when "natural" groupings are evident in the population. The total population is divided into groups or clusters. Elements within a cluster should be as homogeneous as possible. But there should be heterogenity between clusters. Each cluster should be a small scale version of the total population. Each cluster must be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. A random sampling technique is then used on any relevant clusters to choose which clusters to include in the study. In single-stage cluster sampling, all the elements from each of the selected clusters are used. In two-stage cluster sampling, a random sampling technique is applied to the elements from each of the selected clusters. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cluster sampling"
A cohort study is a form of longitudinal study used in medicine and social science. It is one type of Study design. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cohort study"
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In statistics, a confounding factor is a factor which is the common cause of two things that may falsely appear to be in a causal relationship. It is the cause of a spurious relationship. In statistical experimental design, attempts are made to remove confounding factors from the experiment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Confounding factor"
A contract research organization, or CRO, is an organization (commercial, academic, or other) contracted by the sponsor to perform one or more of a sponsor's trial-related duties and functions. CROs are independent companies carrying out specialized functions of Pharmaceutical Research and Development such as Phase I, Phase II, Phase III or Phase IV Clinical trial. ...more on Wikipedia about "Contract research organization"
Contract Research Organization is an organization (commercial, academic, or other) contracted by the sponsor to perform one or more of a sponsor's trial-related duties and functions. CRO-s are independent companies carrying out specialized functions of Pharmaceutical , Medical Device, and Biologics Research and Development such as Phase I, Phase II or Phase III Clinical trial. ...more on Wikipedia about "Contract research organizations"
(Covered clinical study) == External links == ...more on Wikipedia about "Covered clinical study"
In experimental design, a dependent variable is a variable dependent on another variable (called the independent variable). In simple terms the independent variable will cause an apparent change in the dependent variable, hence it needs a catalyst in order to change. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dependent variable"
The first statistician to consider a methodology for the design of experiments was Sir Ronald A. Fisher. He described how to test the hypothesis that a certain lady could distinguish by flavor alone whether the milk or the tea was first placed in the cup. While this sounds like a frivolous application, it allowed him to illustrate the most important ideas of experimental design: ...more on Wikipedia about "Design of experiments"
Double-blind describes an especially stringent way of conducting an experiment, usually on human subjects, in attempt to eliminate subjective bias on the part of both experimental subjects and the experimenters. ...more on Wikipedia about "Double-blind"
Drug design is the approach of finding drugs by design, based on what the drug is targeting. Typically a drug target is a key molecule involved in a particular metabolic or signalling pathway that is specific to a disease condition or pathology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Drug design"
In the scientific method, an experiment is a set of actions and observations, performed to support or falsify a hypothesis or research concerning phenomena. The experiment is a cornerstone in the empirical approach to knowledge. See the list of famous experiments for historically important scientific experiments. ...more on Wikipedia about "Experiment"
A factorial experiment is a statistical study in which each observation is categorised according to more than one factor. Such an experiment allows studying the effect of each factor on the response variable, while requiring fewer observations than by conducting separate experiments for each factor independently. It also allows studying the effect of the interaction between factors on the response variable. ...more on Wikipedia about "Factorial experiment"
In statistics, a false negative, also called a Type II error or miss, exists when a test incorrectly reports that a result was not detected, when it was really present. ...more on Wikipedia about "False negative"
A false positive, also called a Type I error, exists when a test incorrectly reports that it has found a result where none really exists. ...more on Wikipedia about "False positive"
A field experiment applies the scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in the real world rather than in the laboratory. Field experiments generally randomize subjects (or other sampling units) into treatment and control groups and compare outcomes between these groups. Clinical trials of pharmaceuticals are one example of field experiments. Economists have used field experiments to analyze discrimination, health care programs, and education programs. Social psychologists generally avoid field experiments because of the context dependence of experimental outcomes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Field experiment"
An independent variable is presumed to cause or determine a dependent variable. It can be changed as required and its values do not represent a problem requiring explanation in an analysis, but are taken simply as given. ...more on Wikipedia about "Independent variable" It's real shortopedia feeling!
An institutional review board/independent ethics committee (IRB/IEC) is an appropriately constituted group that has been formally designated to review and monitor biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects. In accordance with FDA and HHS regulations, an IRB has the authority to approve, require modifications in (to secure approval), or disapprove research. ...more on Wikipedia about "Institutional Review Board"
The Doctrine of Chances ...more on Wikipedia about "List of publications in statistics"
Multistage sampling is a complex form of cluster sampling. Using all the sample elements in all the selected clusters may be prohibitively expensive or not necessary. Under these circumstances, multistage cluster sampling becomes useful. Instead of using all the elements contained in the selected clusters, the researcher randomly selects elements from each cluster. Constructing the clusters is the first stage. Deciding what elements within the cluster to use, is the second stage. The technique is used frequently when a complete list of all members of the population does not exist. ...more on Wikipedia about "Multistage sampling"
Sampling is the use of a subset of the population to represent the whole population. Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a sampling technique in which the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated. Nonprobability sampling does not meet this criterion and should be used with caution. Nonprobability sampling techniques cannot be used to infer from the sample to the general population. Any generalizations obtained from a nonprobability sample must be filtered through one's knowledge of the topic being studied. Performing nonprobability sampling is considerably less expensive than doing probability sampling, but the results are of limited value. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nonprobability sampling" My shortopedia and me.
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