Foodborne illnesses Foodborne illnesses Botulism (from Latin botulus, "sausage") is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botulin is the most potent known toxin, blocking nerve function and leading to respiratory and musculoskeletal paralysis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Botulism"
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cattle, which infects by a mechanism that shocked biologists on its discovery in late 20th century. The disease appears transmissible to humans. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy"
Cholera (also called Asiatic cholera) is a water-borne disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which are typically ingested by drinking contaminated water, or by eating improperly cooked fish, especially shellfish. It was first described in a scientific manner by the Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta in the 16th century. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cholera"
Ciguatera is a foodborne illness poisoning in humans caused by eating marine species whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin known as ciguatoxin, that is present in many micro-organisms (particularly, the micro-algae Gambierdiscus toxicus) living in tropical waters. Like many naturally and artificially occurring toxins, ciguatoxin bioaccumulates, resulting in higher concentrations of the toxin at higher levels of the food chain. Predator species near the top of the food chain in tropical waters, such as barracuda, moray eel, and amberjack, are most likely to cause ciguatera poisoning, although many other species have been found to cause occasional outbreaks of ciguatera. Ciguatoxin is very heat-resistant, so ciguatoxin-laden fish cannot be detoxified by cooking. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ciguatera"
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a very rare and incurable brain disease that is ultimately fatal. It is the most common of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). It is a progressive neurological disorder which belongs to a group of degenerative neurologic diseases known as subacute spongiform encephalopathies. ...more on Wikipedia about "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease"
Feline spongiform encephalopathy affects felines. It is caused by proteins called prions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Feline spongiform encephalopathy"
Foodborne illness or food poisoning is caused by consuming food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, toxins, viruses, prions or parasites. Such contamination usually arises from improper handling, preparation or storage of food. Foodborne illness can also be caused by adding pesticides or medicines to food, or by accidentally consuming naturally poisonous substances like poisonous mushrooms or reef fish. Contact between food and pests, especially flies, rodents and cockroaches, is a further cause of contamination of food. ...more on Wikipedia about "Foodborne illness"
Hepatitis A is an enterovirus transmitted by the orofecal route, such as contaminated food. It causes an acute form of hepatitis and does not have a chronic stage. The patient's immune system makes antibodies against Hepatitis A that confer immunity against future infection. A vaccine is available that will prevent infection from hepatitis A for life. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hepatitis A"
Intestinal parasites are parasites that populate the gastro-intestinal tract. In humans, they are often spread by poor hygiene related to feces, contact with animals, or poorly cooked food containing parasites. ...more on Wikipedia about "Intestinal parasite"
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, in the division Firmicutes, named for Joseph Lister. It is motile by means of flagella. It can also move within eukaryotic cells by polymerizing actin comet tails with a protein called ActA. Some studies suggest that 1 to 10% of humans may carry L. monocytogenes in their intestines. L. monocytogenes is also unique in that it is the only Gram-positive bacterium that has endotoxin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Listeria monocytogenes"
Montezuma's Revenge (var. Moctezuma's Revenge) refers to the diarrhea contracted in Mexico, by tourists. It may be caused by a local strain of Escherichia coli bacteria, present in food and water, to which Mexicans are normally immune. The name refers to Moctezuma II (1466-1520), the Tlatoani (ruler) of the Aztec civilisation in Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest. ...more on Wikipedia about "Montezuma's Revenge (medicine)"
Taenia solium, also called the pork tapeworm, is a cyclophyllid cestode in the family Taeniidae. It infects pigs and humans in Asia, Africa, the Philippines, Latin America, and pockets of North America. Like all cyclophyllid cestodes, T. solium has four suckers on its scolex ("head"). T. solium also has two rows of hooks. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pork tapeworm"
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid and foodborne illness. It is motile in nature and produces hydrogen sulfide. ...more on Wikipedia about "Salmonella"
Scombroid is a foodborne illness poisoning associated with eating seafood that has been stored improperly. Unlike many types of food poisonings, this form is not produced by an organism or virus. Histidine exists naturally on many types of fish, and at temperatures above 60 degrees Fahrenheit it converts to the biogenic amine histamine (this is one reason why you should store fish at low temperatures). Histamine is not destroyed by normal cooking temperatures, so even properly cooked fish can be affected. Histamine is a mediator of allergic reactions, so the symptoms produced are those you would expect to see in severe allergic responses. It is the second most common type of seafood poisoning, second only to ciguatera. However it is often missed because it resembles an allergic reaction. ...more on Wikipedia about "Scombroid"
Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease that affects the nervous systems of sheep and goats. It is one of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which are related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease"). Like other spongiform encephalopathies, scrapie is believed to be caused by a prion. Scrapie has been known since the 18th century (1732) and does not appear to be transmissible to humans. ...more on Wikipedia about "Scrapie"
Taenia saginata, also known as Taeniarhynchus saginata or the Beef tapeworm, is a parasite of both cattle and humans, but which can only reproduce in humans. T. saginata occurs where cattle is raised, human feces is improperly disposed of, meat inspection programs are poor, and where meat is eaten without proper cooking. The disease is relatively common in Africa, some parts of eastern Europe, the Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America. Undercooked meat from small farms in the United States may also be infected. Proglottids full of eggs are passed with human fecal matter and then eaten by cattle. Oncosphere larvae, hatch in the small intestine of the bovid and then travel through the blood to muscle tissue and form " bladder worms," which are larval stages called cysticerci (singular cysticercus). Cysticerci are infectious to humans that eat them. ...more on Wikipedia about "Taenia saginata"
Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is the most common illness affecting travelers. ...more on Wikipedia about "Traveler's diarrhea"
Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game products infected with the larvae of a species of roundworm Trichinella spiralis, commonly called the trichina worm. Infection is common where raw or undercooked pork is regularly consumed as part of the diet. ...more on Wikipedia about "Trichinosis"
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