Gases Gases Aluminium Monofluoride is a complex and toxic gas form occuring primarily in the Magnellic Cloud M33H7 in the Andromeda Galaxy. It was discovered by Professors HC Rowlinson and RF Barrow at the Oxford University on 6th October, 1952. It was found as a system of violet-degraded bands, probably 3Σ-3Π at 3450-3720 Å, sending X-Ray transmissions to discover the ultraviolet emissions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aluminum monofluoride"
An atomic gas is a gas of atoms, as opposed to molecules. At normal temperatures an atomic gas can be described as an ideal gas. ...more on Wikipedia about "Atomic gas"
An ideal Bose gas is a quantum-mechanical version of a classical ideal gas. It is composed of bosons, which have an integral value of spin, and obey Bose-Einstein statistics. The statistical mechanics of bosons were developed by Satyendra Nath Bose for photons, and extended to massive particles by Albert Einstein who realized that an ideal gas of bosons would form a condensate at a low enough temperature, unlike a classical ideal gas. This condensate is known as a Bose-Einstein condensate. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bose gas"
Bottled gas is a term used for substances which are gasous at Standard temperature and pressure (STP) and have been compressed and stored in steel or composite bottles known as gas cylinders. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bottled gas"
Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds. It is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. It is very slightly soluble in water and burns in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide; it is a component of producer gas and water gas, which are widely used artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, removing oxygen from many compounds and is used in the reduction of metals, e.g., iron , from their ores. At high pressures and elevated temperatures it reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to form methanol. Carbon monoxide is formed by combustion of carbon in oxygen at high temperatures when there is an excess of carbon. It is also formed (with oxygen) by decomposition of carbon dioxide at very high temperatures (above 2,000°C). It is present in the exhaust of internal-combustion engines (e.g., in automobiles) and is generated in coal stoves, furnaces, and gas appliances that do not get enough air (because of a faulty draft or for other reasons). ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbon monoxide"
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a form of toxicity due to two main mechanisms: ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbon monoxide poisoning"
A cylinder in the central working part of an internal or external combustion engine, the space in which a piston travels. Multiple cylinders are commonly arranged side by side in a bank, or engine block, which is typically cast from aluminum or iron before precision features are machined into it. ( Ceramics have also been tried, so far unsuccessfully.) The cylinders may then be lined with sleeves of some harder metal, or given a wear-resistant coating such as Nikasil. A cylinder's displacement, or swept volume, is its cross-sectional area (the bore) times by the distance the piston travels within the cylinder (the stroke). The engine displacement is the swept volume of one cylinder times the number of cylinders in the engine. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cylinder (engine)"
A Fermi gas is a collection of non-interacting fermions. It is the quantum mechanical version of an ideal gas, for the case of fermionic particles. Electrons in metals and semiconductors and neutrons in a neutron star can be approximately considered Fermi gases. The energy distribution of the fermions in a Fermi gas in thermal equilibrium is determined by their density, the temperature and the set of available energy states, via Fermi-Dirac statistics. By the Pauli principle, no quantum state can be occupied by more than one fermion, so the total energy of the Fermi gas at zero temperature is larger than the product of the number of particles and the single-particle ground state energy. For this reason, the pressure of a Fermi gas is nonzero even at zero temperature, in contrast to that of a classical ideal gas. This so-called degeneracy pressure stabilizes a neutron star (a Fermi gas of neutrons) or a White Dwarf star (a Fermi gas of electrons) against the inward pull of gravity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fermi gas"
A gas is one of the four main phases of matter (after solid and liquid, and followed by plasma), that subsequently appear as a solid material is subjected to increasingly higher temperatures. Thus, as energy in the form of heat is added, a solid (e.g. ice) will first melt to become a liquid (e.g. water), which will then boil or evaporate to become a gas (e.g. water vapor). In some circumstances, a solid (e.g. " dry ice") can directly turn into a gas: this is called sublimation. If the gas is further heated, its atoms or molecules can become (wholly or partially) ionized, turning the gas into a plasma. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gas"
A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Compression of a gas naturally increases its temperature. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gas compressor"
The gas constant (also known as the universal or ideal gas constant, usually denoted by symbol R) is a physical constant used in equations of state to relate various groups of state functions to one another. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gas constant"
The gas laws are a set of laws that describe the relationship between thermodynamic temperature (T), pressure (P) and volume (V) of gases. Three of these laws, Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's law, may be combined to form the combined gas law ...more on Wikipedia about "Gas laws"
Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. This relationship is referred to as gas stoichiometry when it is employed for reactions that produce gases. Gas stoichiometry applies when the gases produced are assumed to be ideal, and the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gases are all known. Often but not always, standard temperature and pressure ( STP), 0°C and 1 atm, are the conditions for gas stoichiometry calculations. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gas stoichiometry"
An ideal gas or perfect gas is a hypothetical gas consisting of identical particles of negligible volume, with no intermolecular forces. Additionally, the constituent atoms or molecules undergo perfectly elastic collisions with the walls of the container. Real gases existing in reality do not exhibit these exact properties, although the approximation is often good enough to describe real gases. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ideal gas"
Illuminating gas was a synthetic mixture of hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases produced by destructive distillation ( pyrolysis) of bituminous coal or peat. It was used for gas lighting, as it produces a much brighter light than natural gas or water gas. Although also sometimes called coal gas, it should not be confused with water gas or syngas, which are made from anthracite coal or coke plus water, and chemically quite different. Illuminating gas was much less toxic than these other forms of coal gas, but less could be produced from a given quantity of coal. ...more on Wikipedia about "Illuminating gas"
Kinetic theory, or kinetic-molecular theory, or collision theory attempts to explain the macroscopic properties of gases by considering their molecular composition and motion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kinetic theory"
The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a probability distribution with applications in physics and chemistry. It forms the basis of the kinetic theory of gases, which explains many fundamental gas properties, including pressure and diffusion. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is usually thought of as the distribution of molecular speeds in a gas, but it can also refer to the distribution of velocities, momenta, and magnitude of the momenta of the molecules, each of which will have a different probability distribution function, all of which are related. ...more on Wikipedia about "Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution"
In physics and chemistry, monatomic is a combination of the words "mono" and "atomic," and means "single atom." It is usually applied to gases: a monatomic gas is one in which atoms are not bound to each other. ...more on Wikipedia about "Monatomic"
The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture or solution is what the pressure of that gas would be if all other components of the mixture or solution suddenly vanished without its temperature changing. More simply, the pressure of a given solution is the sum of the partial pressures of its parts. ...more on Wikipedia about "Partial pressure"
The Sackur-Tetrode equation is an expression for the entropy of a ...more on Wikipedia about "Sackur-Tetrode equation"
The following table lists the van der Waals constants (from the van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids. ...more on Wikipedia about "Van der Waals constants (data page)"
The van der Waals equation is an equation of state for a fluid composed of particles that have a non-zero size and a pairwise attractive inter-particle force (such as the van der Waals force.) It was derived by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in 1873, based on a modification of the ideal gas law. The equation approximates the behavior of real fluids, taking into account the nonzero size of molecules and the attraction between them. ...more on Wikipedia about "Van der Waals equation"
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