Geodesy Geodesy The apparent place of an object is the position in space as seen by the observer. Because of physical and/or geometrical effects it has a deviation from the "true position". ...more on Wikipedia about "Apparent places"
Astro-geodetic methods are a group of important methods in geodesy, satellite techniques and astrometry. ...more on Wikipedia about "Astro-geodetic"
(ED50) ED 50 (European Datum 1950) is a geodetic datum which was defined after World War II for the international connection of geodetic networks. ...more on Wikipedia about "ED50"
An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water mixes with fresh water. The key feature of an estuary is that it is a mixing place for sea water and a significantly-sized river to supply fresh water. A tide is a necessary component to maintain a dynamic relationship between the two waters. Though something in the nature of an estuary can exist in a non-tidal sea, such areas go by names such as lagoon, étang or laguna. In non-tidal seas, the rivers naturally form deltas rather than estuaries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Estuary"
The European Terrestrial Reference System 1989, usually referred to as ETRS89, is a three-dimensional geodesic frame of reference - a mapping coordinate system used as the standard high accuracy system for GPS in Europe. ...more on Wikipedia about "European Terrestrial Reference System 1989"
The expression figure of the Earth has various meanings in geodesy according to the way it is used and the precision with which the Earth's size and shape is to be defined. The actual topographic surface is most apparent with its variety of land forms and water areas. This is, in fact, the surface on which actual Earth measurements are made. It is not suitable, however, for exact mathematical computations because the formulas which would be required to take the irregularities into account would necessitate a prohibitive amount of computations. The topographic surface is generally the concern of topographers and hydrographers. ...more on Wikipedia about "Figure of the Earth"
The flattening, ellipticity, or oblateness of an oblate spheroid is the relative difference between its equatorial radius a and its polar radius b: ...more on Wikipedia about "Flattening"
A frame of reference is the perspective from which a system is observed. In physics, it provides a set of axes relative to which an observer can measure the position and motion of all points in a system, as well as the orientation of objects in it. There are two types of reference frames: inertial and non-inertial. An inertial frame of reference travels at a constant velocity, which means that Newton's first law (inertia) holds true. A non-inertial frame of reference, such as a moving car or a rotating carousel, accelerates. Therefore, Newton’s first law does not hold true, as objects appear to accelerate without the appropriate forces. ...more on Wikipedia about "Frame of reference"
Francesco Carlini ( January 7, 1783- August 29, 1862) was an Italian astronomer. Born in Milan, he became director of the observatory there in 1832. He published Nuove tavole de moti apparenti del sole in 1832. In 1810, he had already published Esposizione di un nuovo metodo di construire le taole astronomiche applicato alle tavole del sole. Together with Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana, he participated in a geodetic project for Austria and Italy, during which he also attempted to determine the weight of the earth. ...more on Wikipedia about "Francesco Carlini"
Geodesy ( IPA ), also called geodetics, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the earth, its gravitational field and geodynamic phenomena ( polar motion, earth tides, and crustal motion) in three-dimensional time varying space. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geodesy"
Geodetic astronomy is the application of astronomical methods into networks and technical projects of geodesy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geodetic astronomy"
A geodetic network is a network of triangles which are measured exactly by techniques of terrestrial surveying or by satellite geodesy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geodetic network"
(Geodetic system) :This article describes a concept from surveying and geodesy. Datum is also the singular form of data. For the Austrian magazine, see Datum. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geodetic system"
Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana ( November 6, 1781– January 20, 1864) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician. ...more on Wikipedia about "Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana"
Gravimetry is the measurement of a gravitational field. Gravimetry may be used when either the magnitude of gravitational field or the properties of matter responsible for its creation are of interest. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gravimetry"
GRS 80, or Geodetic Reference System 1980, is a geodetic reference system consisting of a global reference ellipsoid and a gravity field model. ...more on Wikipedia about "GRS 80"
Gunter’s measurement, sometimes Surveyor’s measurement, is a geodetic system, formerly popular in Britain and its (former) colonies. It was developed in the 17th century by Edmund Gunter and is still in use today in the United States of America. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gunter's measurement"
In the late 19th century the Zentralbüro für die Internationale Erdmessung (that is, Central Bureau for International Geodesy) was established by Austria-Hungary and Germany. One of its most important goals was the derivation of an international ellipsoid and a gravity formula which should be optimal not only for Europe but also for the whole world. The Zentralbüro was an early predecessor of the International Association for Geodesy (IAG) and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) which was founded in 1919. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of geodesy"
The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service is the body responsible for maintaining global time and reference frame standards, notably through its Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) and International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) groups. ...more on Wikipedia about "International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service"
The International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) describes procedures for creating reference frames suitable for use with measurements on or near the Earth's surface. This is done in much the same way that a physical standard might be described as a set of procedures for creating a realization of that standard. The IERS defines a geocentric system of coordinates using the SI system of measurement. ...more on Wikipedia about "International Terrestrial Reference System"
In celestial navigation, lunar distance is in the angle of the Moon's centre from the Sun or from the bright stars. It is measured using a sextant. Using the lunar distance and a nautical almanac it is possible to calculate the current time and thus the current longitude. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lunar distance"
A mass concentration or mascon is a region of a planet or moon's crust that contains a large amount of material that is denser than average for that body. The result is a minute but measurable increase in the local gravity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mass concentration"
Meades Ranch in Kansas boasts the geodetic base point for the North American Datum of 1927 ( NAD 27) at (39.224079, -98.541807). This is at or very near the geographic center of the forty-eight contiguous U.S. states. The base point was the reference point for almost all land survey measurements in the United States from 1927 until the establishment of the North American Datum of 1983 ( NAD 83) and the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). NAD 27 was based on the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866. ...more on Wikipedia about "Meades Ranch, Kansas"
A plumb line is a reference line guided by a string or cord weighted at the end with a large weight known as a plumb bob. It is used to create a vertical reference line, where a spirit level may be impractical or difficult to use. ...more on Wikipedia about "Plumb line"
The Prime Meridian is the meridian (line of longitude) passing through the Royal Greenwich Observatory, Greenwich, England; it is the meridian at which longitude is 0 degrees. It is often referred to as the Greenwich Meridian. ...more on Wikipedia about "Prime Meridian"
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