Geology Geology Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of rocks) is the part of hydrology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers). The term geohydrology is often used interchangeably. Some make the minor distinction between a hydrologist or engineer applying themselves to geology (geohydrology), and a geologist applying themselves to hydrology (hydrogeology). ...more on Wikipedia about "Hydrogeology"
A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found in places that are also volcanically active, where hot magma is relatively near the planet's surface. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hydrothermal vent"
An ice cap is a dome-shaped water ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km² of land area (usually covering a highland area). Masses of ice covering more than 50,000 km² are termed an ice sheet. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ice cap"
An ice sheet is a mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km² (19,305 mile²). The only current ice sheets are Antarctic and Greenland; during the last ice age at Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM) the Laurentide ice sheet covered much of Canada and North America, the Weichselian ice sheet covered northern Europe and the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered southern Chile. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ice sheet"
Incompatible element is a term used in petrology and geochemistry. ...more on Wikipedia about "Incompatible element"
Infrasound is sound with a frequency too low to be detected by the human ear. The study of such sound waves is sometimes referred to as infrasonics, covering sounds from the lower limit of human hearing (about 16 or 17 hertz) down to 0.001 hertz. This frequency range is the same one that seismographs use for monitoring earthquakes. Infrasound is characterized by an ability to cover long distances and get around obstacles with little dissipation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Infrasound"
The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) was founded in 1961 and is a Scientific Union member of the International Council for Science (ICSU), which it recognizes as the coordinating body for the international organization of science. ...more on Wikipedia about "International Union of Geological Sciences"
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Isostasy is a term used in Geology to refer to the state of gravitational equilibrium between the Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates "float" at an elevation which depends on their thickness and density. It is invoked to explain how different topographic heights can exist at the Earth's surface. When a certain area of lithosphere reaches the state of isostasy, it is said to be in isostatic equilibrium. Certain areas (such as the Himalaya) are not in isostatic equilibrium, which has forced researchers to identify other reasons to explain their topographic heights (in the case of the Himalaya, by proposing that their elevation is being "propped-up" by the force of the impacting Indian plate). ...more on Wikipedia about "Isostasy"
The Jack Hills are located in the Narryer Terrane of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, and comprise an 80 km long northeast-trending belt of folded and metamorphosed supracrustal rocks. Sedimentary siliciclastic rocks, interpreted as alluvial fan- delta deposits, are the major lithology. Minor mafic/ ultramafic rocks and banded iron formation (BIF) are also found in the sequence. Detrital zircons with ages >4000 Ma have been found in these rocks and a 4,404 +/- 8 Myr zircon was found at Eranondoo Hill (Wilde et al., 2001), the oldest dated material on Earth. ...more on Wikipedia about "Jack hills"
Jet is a geological material that is not considered a mineral in the true sense of the word, but rather, a mineraloid derived from decaying wood under extreme pressure. The name "Jet" is the English word derived from the French “Jaiet”. ...more on Wikipedia about "Jet (lignite)"
In geology, keuper refers to the third or uppermost subdivision of the Triassic system. The name is a local miners term of German origin; it corresponds to the French marnes irises. The formation is well exposed in Swabia, Franconia, Alsace and Lorraine and Luxemburg; it extends from Basel on the east side of the Rhine into Hanover, and northwards it spreads into Sweden and through England into Scotland and north-east Ireland; it appears flanking the central plateau of France and in the Pyrenees and Sardinia. In the German region it is usual to divide the Keuper into three groups, the Rliaetic or upper Keuper, the middle, Hauptkeu per or gypskeuper, and the lower, Kohlenkeu per or Lettenko/jie. In Germany the lower division consists mainly of grey clays and schieferletten with white, grey and brightly colored sandstone and dolomitic limestone. The upper part of this division is often a grey dolomite known as the Grenz dolomite; the impure coal bedsLettenko/ileare aggregated towards the base. The middle division is thicker than either of the others (at Gdttingen, 450 metres); it consists of a marly series below, grey, red and green mans with gypsum and dolomitethis is the gypskeuper in its restricted sense. The higher part of the series is sandy, hence called the Steinmergel; it is comparatively free from gypsum. To this division belong the Myophoria beds (M. Raibliana) with galena in places; the Estheria beds (E. laxilesta); the Schelfsandstein, used as a buildi~1g-stone; the Lehrherg and Berg-gyps beds; Semionotus beds (S. Bergen) with building-stone of Coburg; and the Burgand Stubensandstein. The salt,which is associated with gypsum, is exploited in south Germany at Dreuze, Pettoncourt, Vie in Lorraine and Wimpfen on the Neckar. A 4-metre coal is found on this horizon in the Erzgebirge, and another, 2 metres thick, has been mined in Upper Silesia. The upper Keuper, Rhaetic or Avicula contorta zone in Germany is mainly sandy with dark grey shales and marls; it is seldom more than 25 metres thick. The sandstones are used for building purposes at Bayreuth, Culmbach and Bamberg. In Swabia and the Wesergebirge are several bone-beds, thicker than those in the middle Keuper which contain a rich assemblage of fossil remains of fish, reptiles and the mammalian teeth of Microlestes antiquus and Triglyptzas Fraasi. The name Rhaetic is derived from the Rhaetic Alps where the beds are well developed; they occur also in centra France, the Pyrenees and England. In S.Tirol and the Judic. arian Mountains the Rhaetic is represented by the Kossenei beds. In the Alpine region the presence of coral beds gives ris to the so-called Lithodendron Kalk. ...more on Wikipedia about "Keuper"
Killas ...more on Wikipedia about "Killas"
In geology, Kimeridgian or Kimmeridgean is the name of the basal division of the Upper Oolites in the Jurassic system. The name is derived from the hamlet of Kimeridge or Kimmeridge near the coast of Dorsetshire, England. It appears to have been first suggested by T. Webster in 1812; in 1818, in the form Kimeridge Clay, it was used by Buckland. From the Dorsetshire coast, where it is splendidly exposed in the fine cliffs from St Alban's Head to Gad Cliff, it follows the line of Jurassic outcrop through Wiltshire, where there is a broad expanse between Westbury and Devizes, as far as Yorkshire, there it appears in the vale of Pickering and on the coast in Filey Bay. It generally occupied broad valleys, of which the vale of Aylesbury may be taken as typical. Good exposures occur at Seend, Calne, Swindon, Wootton Bassett, Faringdon, Abingdon, Culham, Shotover Hill, Brill, Ely and Market Rasen. Traces of the formation are found .as far north as the east ccast of Cromarty and Sutherland at Eathie and Helmsdale. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kimeridgian"
Kriging is a regression technique used in geostatistics to approximate or interpolate data. The theory of Kriging was developed from the seminal work of its inventor, Danie G. Krige, by the French mathematician Georges Matheron in the early sixties. In the statistical community, it is also known as Gaussian process regression. Kriging is also a reproducing kernel method (like splines and support vector machines). ...more on Wikipedia about "Kriging"
*Lacustrine, in geology, is a sedimentary environment of a lake. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lacustrine"
A lahar, is a type of mudflow composed of pyroclastic material and water that flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lahar"
Land bridge is essentially a historical term; it refers to dry land exposed during periods of low sea level (see regression), connecting what are now separate continents or islands. The best-known is the Bering land bridge, which connected North Asia and Alaska during the last ice age, enabling humans to migrate from Eurasia to the Americas by walking. Another land bridge connected Great Britain to Europe at around the same time. A historic land bridge surviving to the present day is the Sinai, connecting North Africa with Southwest Asia; across this land bridge hominids and humans have migrated out of Africa. A land bridge doesn't have to be narrow enough to be called an isthmus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Land bridge"
A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows, see flow. Although gravity acting on an over steepened slope is the primary reason for a landslide, there are other contributing factors: ...more on Wikipedia about "Landslide"
Laterite is a red-colored clay rich soil found in the tropics and subtropics. It is typically an infertile soil. Bricks made out of dried or baked laterite make a good building material. Most of the temples of the Khmer empire in South-East Asia are built with this material and have survived for over 1000 years. ...more on Wikipedia about "Laterite"
The law of faunal succession holds that different strata contain particular types of fossilised flora and fauna, and that these fossil forms succeed each other in a specific and predictable order that can be identified over wide distances. A fossilised Neanderthal bone will never be found in the same stratum as a fossilised Tyrannosaurus rex, for example. ...more on Wikipedia about "Law of faunal succession"
The law of superposition is an axiom that forms one of the bases of the sciences of geology, archaeology, and other fields dealing with geological stratigraphy. In its plainest form, it states that in undeformed stratigraphic sequences, the oldest strata will be at the bottom of the sequence. ...more on Wikipedia about "Law of superposition"
The Lehmann discontinuity, named after seismologist Inge Lehmann, is the boundary layer in between the liquid outer core and the solid inner core, which has a rough depth of 5,150 kilometers below the Earth's surface. Sometimes, however, it is used to refer to the discontinuity at 220km, which is still debated; in these cases, the discontinuity in the core is usually referred to as the ICB, or inner-core boundary. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lehmann discontinuity"
Levelling refraction refers to the systematic refraction effect distorting the results of line levelling over the Earth's surface. ...more on Wikipedia about "Levelling refraction"
A geological phenomenon is a phenomenon which is explained by or sheds light on the science of geology. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of geological phenomena"
A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of geologists" My way is http://www.shortopedia.com
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