Geophysics Geophysics The American Geophysical Union (or AGU) is a nonprofit organization of geophysicists, consisting (as of 2004) of over 41,000 members from 130 countries. AGU's activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international field of geophysics. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric and ocean sciences; solid-Earth sciences; hydrologic sciences; and space sciences. ...more on Wikipedia about "American Geophysical Union"
In geodesy and geophysics, the Bouguer anomaly (named after Pierre Bouguer) is computed from a free-air anomaly by computationally removing from it the attraction of the terrain, the Bouguer reduction. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bouguer anomaly"
The core-mantle boundary lies between the Earth's silicate mantle and its liquid iron- nickel outer core. This boundary is located at approximately 2900 km of depth beneath the Earth's surface. The boundary is recognized as a discontinuity zone in seismic wave velocities which is interpreted as due to a distinct change in density at this depth. This change is interpreted to be due to a compositional change from silicate to iron-nickel. Recent evidence suggests a boundary layer represented by a structural change in the perovskite mineralogy of the deep mantle. Seismic tomography studies have shown significant irregularities within the boundary zone and are suggestive of a possible organized structure and relation to deep mantle plumes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Core-mantle boundary"
A diamond anvil cell (DAC), is a device used by physicists to exert extreme pressures on a material. It consists of two opposing cone-shaped diamonds squeezed together by a lever arm. The resultant high pressures - of as much as a million atmospheres - are produced when force is applied to small areas of the opposing diamond faces. ...more on Wikipedia about "Diamond anvil cell"
The Ekman number, named for V. Walfrid Ekman, is a dimensionless number used in describing geophysical phenomena in the oceans and atmosphere. It characterises the ratio of viscous forces in a fluid to the fictitious forces arising from planetary rotation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ekman number"
The European Geosciences Union (or EGU) is an interdisciplinary learned non-profit association open to individuals who are professionally engaged in or associated with geosciences, planetary and space sciences, and related studies. ...more on Wikipedia about "European Geosciences Union"
(Exhumation of Yagan's head) * Bates, C. R. (2005) pers. comm. ...more on Wikipedia about "Exhumation of Yagan's head"
The expression figure of the Earth has various meanings in geodesy according to the way it is used and the precision with which the Earth's size and shape is to be defined. The actual topographic surface is most apparent with its variety of land forms and water areas. This is, in fact, the surface on which actual Earth measurements are made. It is not suitable, however, for exact mathematical computations because the formulas which would be required to take the irregularities into account would necessitate a prohibitive amount of computations. The topographic surface is generally the concern of topographers and hydrographers. ...more on Wikipedia about "Figure of the Earth"
The flattening, ellipticity, or oblateness of an oblate spheroid is the relative difference between its equatorial radius a and its polar radius b: ...more on Wikipedia about "Flattening"
A geoid is an equipotential surface which (approximately) coincides with the mean ocean surface. It is often referred to as a close representation or physical model of the figure of the Earth. According to C.F. Gauss, it is the "mathematical figure of the Earth", in fact, of the gravity field. It is that equipotential surface (surface of fixed potential value) which coincides on average with mean sea level. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geoid"
Geophysics, the study of the earth by quantitative physical methods, especially by seismic reflection and refraction, geodesy, gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, and radioactivity methods. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geophysics"
The geostrophic wind is defined as the wind resulting from the balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force. Frictional effects are neglected, which is usually a very good approximation for the synoptic scale instantaneous flow in the midlatitude mid- troposphere. However, although ageostrophic terms are relatively small, they are important for the time evolution of the flow. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geostrophic wind"
In geology, geothermal refers to heat sources within the planet. Strictly speaking, geo-thermal necessarily refers to the Earth but the concept may be applied to other planets. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geothermal (geology)"
Hydridic Earth theory is a hypothesis proposed in 1968 by a Soviet geologist Vladimir Larin. The theory contradicts the generally acepted views on Earth composition and structure. The theory makes certain prediction that can be falsified or proven through experiments. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hydridic Earth theory"
The Earth has several distinct layers, the deepest of which is the core. The inner core is composed mainly of a nickel- iron alloy and some lighter elements (probably sulfur, carbon, oxygen, silicon and potassium). ...more on Wikipedia about "Inner core"
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon study of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes in the Earth. ...more on Wikipedia about "Isotope geochemistry"
The Kola Superdeep Borehole (KSDB) is a Russian-funded project to drill into the Earth's crust. Begun in 1970 on the Kola Peninsula, a number of boreholes were made from a central branch. The deepest, SG-3, was completed in 1994, creating a hole 12.262 kilometers (seven miles) deep, the deepest hole ever made by humans. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kola Superdeep Borehole"
The Lehmann discontinuity, named after seismologist Inge Lehmann, is the boundary layer in between the liquid outer core and the solid inner core, which has a rough depth of 5,150 kilometers below the Earth's surface. Sometimes, however, it is used to refer to the discontinuity at 220km, which is still debated; in these cases, the discontinuity in the core is usually referred to as the ICB, or inner-core boundary. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lehmann discontinuity"
This is a list of geophysicists, people who were trained in or practice geophysics: ...more on Wikipedia about "List of geophysicists"
===Principles of Geology=== ...more on Wikipedia about "List of publications in geology"
The Earth's mantle is the layer in the structure of the Earth that lies directly under the Earth's crust and above the Earth's outer core. The term is also applied to the structure of other planets. Earth's mantle lies roughly between 30 and 2,900 km below the surface. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mantle (geology)" Are you ready for shortopedia?
A mass concentration or mascon is a region of a planet or moon's crust that contains a large amount of material that is denser than average for that body. The result is a minute but measurable increase in the local gravity. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mass concentration"
Physical geodesy is the study of the physical properties of the gravity field of the Earth, the geopotential, with a view to their application in geodesy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Physical geodesy"
Plate tectonics (from the Greek word for "one who constructs and destroys", τεκτων, tekton) is a theory of geology developed to explain the phenomenon of continental drift, and is currently the theory accepted by the vast majority of scientists working in this area. In the theory of plate tectonics the outermost part of the Earth's interior is made up of two layers, the outer lithosphere and the inner asthenosphere. ...more on Wikipedia about "Plate tectonics"
The primitive equations are a version of the Navier-Stokes equations which describe hydrodynamical flow on the sphere under the assumptions that vertical motion is much smaller than horizontal motion ( hydrostasis) and that the fluid layer depth is small compared to the radius of the sphere. Thus, they are a good approximation of global atmospheric flow and are used in most meteorological models. ...more on Wikipedia about "Primitive equations"
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