Grammar frameworks Grammar frameworks Dependency grammar (DG) is a class of syntactic theories developed by Lucien Tesnière. It is distinct from phrase structure grammars, as it lacks phrasal nodes. Structure is determined by the relation between a word (a head) and its dependents. Dependency grammars are not defined by a specific word order, and are thus well suited to languages with freer word order, such as Czech. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dependency grammar"
Extensible Dependency Grammar (XDG) is a new meta grammar formalism based on dependency grammar. ...more on Wikipedia about "Extensible Dependency Grammar"
Functional grammar is the name given to any of a range of functionally-based approaches to the scientific study of language, such as the grammar model developed by Simon Dik or Michael Halliday's Systemic functional grammar; another important figure in recent linguistic functionalism is Talmy Givón. ...more on Wikipedia about "Functional grammar"
Generalised phrase structure grammar (GPSG) is a framework for describing the syntax and semantics of natural languages. GPSG was initially developed in the late 1970s by Gerald Gazdar. Other contributors include Ewan Klein, Ivan Sag, and Geoffrey Pullum. Their book Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar, published in 1985, is the main monograph on GPSG, especially as it applies to English syntax. ...more on Wikipedia about "Generalised phrase structure grammar"
The Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) is a non-derivational generative grammar theory developed by Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag ( 1985). It is the immediate successor to Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar. HPSG draws from other fields such as computer science (data type theory and knowledge representation) and uses the notion of sign ( Ferdinand de Saussure). It uses a uniform formalism and is organized in a modular way which makes it attractive for natural language processing. ...more on Wikipedia about "Head-driven phrase structure grammar"
An ID/LP grammar is a formal grammar that distinguishes immediate dominance (ID) constraints from linear precedence (LP) constraints. Whereas traditional phrase structure rules incorporate dominance and precedence into a single rule, ID/LP maintains separate rule sets, which need not be processed simultaneously. ...more on Wikipedia about "ID/LP grammar"
Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a reaction to the direction research in the area of transformational grammar began to take in the 1970s. It mainly focuses on syntax, morphology and semantics but does not include phonology (although ideas from Optimality Theory have recently been popular in LFG research). Unlike Chomskian theories of syntax, which have always involved separate levels of linguistic representation being mapped onto each other via transformations, LFG analysis is based on two mutually constraining structure types: ...more on Wikipedia about "Lexical functional grammar"
Link grammar (LG) is a theory of syntax by Davy Temperley and Daniel Sleator which builds simple relations between pairs of words, rather than constructing constituents in tree-like hierarchy. There are two basic parameters: directionality and distance. Dependency grammar is similar to link grammar, but dependency grammar includes a head-dependent relationship, as well as lacking directionality in the relations between words. ...more on Wikipedia about "Link grammar"
Phrase-structure rules were used in early transformational grammar (TGG) to describe a given language's syntax. They were used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categories and lexical categories (aka parts of speech). Phrasal categories include the noun phrase, verb phrase, and prepositional phrase; lexical categories include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and many others. Phrase structure rules were not an invention of TGG; rather, early TGG's defining characteristics were those systems which it had in addition to phrase structure rules (the most obvious example being transformations;see the page transformational grammar for an overview of the development of TGG.) A grammar which uses phrase structure rules is called a phrase structure grammar. ...more on Wikipedia about "Phrase structure rules"
Role and reference grammar (RRG) is a model of grammar developed by William Foley and Robert Van Valin in the 1980s. which incorporates many of the points of view of current functional grammar theories. ...more on Wikipedia about "Role and reference grammar"
Systemic functional grammar (SFG) is a grammar model developed by Michael Halliday. ...more on Wikipedia about "Systemic functional grammar"
Transformational grammar is a broad term describing grammars (almost exclusively those of natural languages) which have been developed in a Chomskian tradition. The term is usually synonymous with the slightly more specific transformational-generative grammar (TGG). ...more on Wikipedia about "Transformational grammar"
Tree-adjoining grammar (TAG) is a grammar formalism defined by Aravind Joshi which is often used in computational linguistics and natural language processing. Tree-adjoining grammars are somewhat similar to context-free grammars, but the elementary unit of rewriting is the tree rather than the symbol. Whereas context-free grammars have rules for rewriting symbols as strings of other symbols, tree-adjoining grammars have rules for rewriting the nodes of trees as other trees (see tree (graph theory) and tree data structure). ...more on Wikipedia about "Tree-adjoining grammar"
Word grammar is a grammar model developed by Richard Hudson in the 1980s. It is based on the dependency grammar model, in which information is almost entirely contained in the lexical entries for particular words, and syntax is seen as consisting primarily of rules for combining words. The central syntactic relation is that of dependency between words; constituent structure is not recognized except in the special case of coordinate structures. Statements about words and their properties form a complex network of propositions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Word grammar"
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X-bar theory is a component of linguistic theory which attempts to identify syntactic features common to all languages. It claims that there are certain structural similarities among all phrasal categories of all languages, including one known as the "X-bar", which does not appear in traditional phrase structure rules. ...more on Wikipedia about "X-bar theory"
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