Granular materials

The brazil nut effect is the phenomenon where big particles end up on the surface when a mixture of granular material of different sizes is shaken. The term was based on the observation that, when a container of mixed nuts is opened after it has been shaken, the brazil nuts tend to be on top. The same effect is seen in packets of breakfast cereal containing particles of different sizes, such as muesli. ...more on Wikipedia about "Brazil nut effect"

Coffea (coffee) is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. They are shrubs or small trees, native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. Seeds of this plant are the source of a stimulating beverage called coffee. The seeds are called "beans" in the trade. Coffee beans are widely cultivated in tropical countries in plantations for both local consumption and export to temperate countries. Coffee bean ranks as one of the world's major commodity crops and is the major export product of some countries. In fact, coffee ranks third only to cocoa and oil in terms of legally-traded products worldwide. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coffea"

Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. The volatile constituents of the coal (including water, coal-gas and coal-tar) are driven off by baking in an airless oven at temperatures as high as 1,000 degrees Celsius so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coke (fuel)"

Coral sand is sand of particles originating in tropical and sub-tropical marine environments from bioerosion of limestone skeletal material of marine organisms. One example of this process is that of parrot fishes which bite off pieces of coral, digest the living tissue, and excrete the inorganic component as silt and sand. However, the term "coral" in coral sand is used loosely in this sense to mean limestone of recent biological origin; corals are not the dominant contributors of sand particles to most such deposits. Rather, remnant skeletal fragments of foraminifera, calcareous algae, molluscs, and crustaceans can predominate. Because it is composed of limestone, coral sand is acid-soluble. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coral sand"

Dry quicksand is loose sand whose bulk density is reduced by blowing air through it and which yields easily to weight or pressure. It is similar to regular quicksand, except that it does not contain any water, and an interesting example of a granular material. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dry quicksand"

Dust is a general name for minute solid particles of diameters less than 500 micrometers (otherwise see sand or granulates) and, more generally, for finely divided matter. On Earth, dust occurs in the atmosphere from various sources: soil dust lifted up by wind, volcanic eruptions, and pollution are some examples; airborne dust is considered an aerosol and can have a strong, local radiative forcing on the atmosphere and significant effects on climate. In addition, if composed of a flammable substance (such as flour), it can be an explosion hazard. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dust"

In materials science, fragile matter is a granular material that is jammed solid. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fragile matter" The Ultimate shortopedia Machine.

* Duran, J., Reisinger A., Sands, Powders, and Grains: An Introduction to the Physics of Granular Materials. November 1999, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, ISBN 0387986561. ...more on Wikipedia about "Granular material"

Gravel is rock that is of a certain grain size range. In geology, gravel is any loose rock that is at least two millimeters in its largest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch), and no more than 75 millimeters (about 3 inches). Sometimes gravel is restricted to rock in the 2-4 millimeter range, with pebble being reserved for rock 4-75 millimeters (some say 64 millimeters). The next smaller size class in geology is sand, which is 0.02 mm to 2 mm in size. The next larger size is cobble, which is 75 (64) millimeters to 256 millimeters (about ten inches). ...more on Wikipedia about "Gravel"

Green mix is an early step in the manufacturing of black powder for explosives. It is a rough mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur in the correct proportions (75:15:10) for black powder, but is not milled, pressed or corned. It burns much more slowly than black powder, when it chooses to burn at all; the deflagration is usually characterized by short, uneven sizzling followed by relatively long periods of smoulder. Green mix is merely an unfinished product and not generally used itself in any pyrotechnic or projectile applications. ...more on Wikipedia about "Green mix"

Gunpowder, whether black powder or smokeless powder, is a substance that burns very rapidly and is used as a propellant in firearms. As it burns, a subsonic deflagration wave is produced rather than the supersonic detonation wave which high explosives would produce. This reduces peak pressures in a gun, but makes it less suitable for shattering rock or fortifications. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gunpowder"

Meal powder is the fine dust left over when black powder is corned and screened to separate it into different grain sizes. It is used extensively in various pyrotechnic procedures, usually to prime other compositions. It can also be used in many fireworks to add power and substantially increasing the height of the firework. ...more on Wikipedia about "Meal powder"

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a by-product of the rendering industry. It is typically about 50% protein, 35% ash, 8-12% fat, and 4-7% moisture. It is primarily used in the formulation of animal feed to improve the amino acid profile of the feed. Feeding of MBM to cattle is thought to have been responsible for the spread of BSE. In most parts of the world, MBM is no longer allowed in feed for ruminant animals. However, in some areas, including the US, MBM is still used to feed monogastric animals. ...more on Wikipedia about "Meat and bone meal"

A pebble is a rock with a size of 4 to 75 millimeters (some say 64 millimeters). ...more on Wikipedia about "Pebble"

Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content. It occurs naturally and has the unusual property of greatly expanding when heated sufficently. ...more on Wikipedia about "Perlite"

A planetary ring is a ring of dust and other small particles orbiting around a planet in a flat disc-shaped region. ...more on Wikipedia about "Planetary ring"

Powdered milk is a powder made from dried milk solids. Powdered milk has a far longer shelf life than liquid milk and does not need to be refrigerated due to its low moisture content. ...more on Wikipedia about "Powdered milk"

Pulses are defined by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds of variable size, shape and color within a pod. Pulses are used for food and animal feed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Pulse (legume)"

Sand is an example of a class of materials called granular matter. Sand is a naturally occurring, finely divided rock, comprising particles or granules ranging in size from 1⁄16 to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain. The next smaller size class in geology is silt: particles below 1⁄16 mm down to 1⁄256 mm (0.004 mm) in size. The next larger size class above sand is gravel, with particles ranging up to 64 mm (see grain size for standards in use). ...more on Wikipedia about "Sand"

Slags are the by-product of smelting ore to purify metals. They can be considered to be a mixture of metal oxides however they can contain metal sulphides and metal atoms in the elemental form. Slags are generally used as a waste removal mechanism in metal smelting however they can also serve other purposes such as assisting in smelt temperature control and to minimize re-oxidation of the final bullion product before casting. ...more on Wikipedia about "Slag"

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula Na Cl. ...more on Wikipedia about "Sodium chloride"

:This article deals with sugar as food and as an important, widely traded commodity. The word also has other uses; see sugar (disambiguation). ...more on Wikipedia about "Sugar"

Talc is a mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2 Mg3( SiO3)4 or Mg3 Si4 O10( OH)2. It occurs as foliated to fibrous masses, its monoclinic crystals being so rare as to be almost unknown. It has a perfect basal cleavage, and the folia are non- elastic although slightly flexible. It is sectile and very soft, with a hardness of 1 (Talc is the softest mineral on Mohs' scale). It has a specific gravity of 2.5 - 2.8, a waxlike or pearly luster, and is translucent to opaque. Its color ranges from white to gray or green and it has a distinctly greasy feel. ...more on Wikipedia about "Talc"

Vermiculite is a natural mineral which expands with the application of heat. It is formed by hydration of certain basaltic minerals, and is often found in association with asbestos. The mineral was extracted during the 1960s in Libby, Montana, under the commercial name Zonolite (the Zonolite brand was acquired by the W.R. Grace Company in 1963 ** ). Mining operations on the Libby site stopped in 1990 in response to asbestos contamination. The United States government estimates that it is used in more than 35 million homes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Vermiculite"

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