Herbicides Herbicides 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) is an herbicide used to defoliate broad leafed plants. It was developed in the late 40's and had been widely used in the agricultural industry for many years until being phased out starting in the late 1970s due to toxicity concerns.
2,4,5-T itself is of only moderate toxicity, with oral LD50 of 389 mg/kg in mice and 500 mg/kg in rats. However, the manufacturing process for 2,4,5-T contaminates this chemical with trace amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). TCDD is reported to be extremely toxic to humans, however this is disputed. With proper temperature control during production of 2,4,5-T, TCDD levels can be held to about .005 ppm. Before the TCDD risk was well understood, early production facilities lacked proper temperature controls and individual batches tested later were found to have as much as 60 ppm of TCDD.
In 1970 the Department of Agriculture halted the use of 2,4,5-T on all food crops except rice. In 1985, the EPA terminated all uses of this herbicide on rice fields as well as all non-crop sites. 2,4,5-T has since largely been replaced by dicamba and triclopyr.
Apart from agricultural uses, 2,4,5-T is also a major ingredient in Agent Orange, an herbicide blend used by the U.S. military in Vietnam between January 1965 and April 1970 as a defoliant. Agent Orange was a mixture of 2,4,5-T, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and picloram. Because of TCDD contamination in the 2,4,5-T component, it has been blamed for serious illnesses in many veterans who were exposed to it. However, research on populations exposed to its dioxin contaminant have been inconsistent and inconclusive. Agent Orange often had much higher levels of TCDD than 2,4,5-T used in the US. ...more on Wikipedia about "2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid"
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the third-most widely used herbicide in North America and the most widely used herbicide in the world. ...more on Wikipedia about "2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid"
Agent Green is the code name for a powerful herbicide and defoliant used by the U.S. military in its Herbicidal Warfare program during the Vietnam War. The name comes from the green stripe painted on the barrels to identify the contents. It was one of the so-called "rainbow herbicides" that included the more infamous Agent Orange. Agent Green was only used between 1962 and 1964, during the early "testing" stages of the spraying program. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agent Green"
Agent Orange is the code name for a powerful herbicide and defoliant used by the U.S. military in its Herbicidal Warfare program during the Vietnam War. Agent Orange was used from 1961 to 1971, and was by far the most used of the so-called "rainbow herbicides" used during the program. Agent Orange (as well as Agents Purple, Pink and Green) contained dioxins which have caused serious harm to the health of exposed Vietnamese, Australians, New Zealanders, Canadians and Americans, as well as their children and grandchildren. Dioxins are recognized as carcinogens and teratogens which, unlike the herbicides, are persistent in the environment and in the human body. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agent Orange"
Agent Pink is the code name for a powerful herbicide and defoliant used by the U.S. military in its Herbicidal Warfare program during the Vietnam War. The name comes from the pink stripe painted on the barrels to identify the contents. It was one of the so-called "rainbow herbicides" that included the more infamous Agent Orange. Agent Pink was only used during the early "testing" stages of the spraying program, and was no longer used after 1964. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agent Pink"
Agent Purple is the code name for a powerful herbicide and defoliant used by the U.S. military in its Herbicidal Warfare program during the Vietnam War. The name comes from the purple stripe painted on the barrels to identify the contents. It was one of the so-called "rainbow herbicides" that included the more infamous Agent Orange. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agent Purple"
Agent White is the code name for a powerful herbicide and defoliant used by the U.S. military in its Herbicidal Warfare program during the Vietnam War. The name comes from the white stripe painted on the barrels to identify the contents. It was one of the so-called "rainbow herbicides" that included the more infamous Agent Orange. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agent White" www.shortopedia.com - Go in quickly.
Alachlor is an herbicide, marketed under the trade name Lasso, used mainly to control weeds in corn and soybean fields. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alachlor"
Asulox is a herbicide used in horticulture and sugar cane production, where it is used to kill grass. Its active ingredient is asulam (200g per liter of Asulox). ...more on Wikipedia about "Asulox"
Atrazine, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamine)-6-(isopropylamine)-s-triazine, is a s- triazine-ring herbicide that is used globally to stop pre and post emergence broadleaf and grassy weeds in major crops. Atrazine binds to the quinine-binding protein in photosystem II, inhibiting electron transport. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the US used 363 million kg of Atrazine from 1980 to 1990. The herbicide is classified as a class C carcinogen which has been shown to cause chromosomal damage in hamster ovary cells. The half-life of atrazine in soil is 15 to 100 days. Alternative derivatives of atrazine as well as the breakdown products could be carcinogenic as well. Atrazine and its derivatives are used in many industrial processes as well, including use in dyes and explosives. Hydroxyatrazine is unregulated and no negative effect is known. Despite recommendations for controlled and managed atrazine applications, the use will probably continue to compromise soil and groundwater worldwide (Ralebitso TK, et al) (Wackett LP, et al). ...more on Wikipedia about "Atrazine"
(Chlortoluron) Choltoluron is a herbicide used to control broadleaf and annual grass weeds in cereal fields. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chlortoluron"
Clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) is a selective herbicide used for control of broadleaf weeds, especially thistles and clovers. For control of Creeping Thistle, Cirsium arvense, a noxious, perennial weed, clopyralid is the only effective herbicide available. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clopyralid"
Copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) sulphate, or blue vitriol (CuSO4) is the most common copper salt, made by the action of sulfuric acid on the base copper(II) oxide. The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder, while the hydrated form is bright blue. The archaic name for copper(II) sulfate was cupric sulfate. Some common names are: blue stone and blue vitriol. ...more on Wikipedia about "Copper(II) sulfate"
Glufosinate or its ammonium salt is an active ingredient in several nonselective systemic herbicides - Basta, Rely, Finale, Challenge and Liberty. Glufosinate is a natural compound which was first isolated from two species of Streptomyces bacteria. It interferes with the biosynthetic pathway of the amino acid glutamine and with ammonia detoxification. There are transgenic varieties of several crops ( canola, corn, soybean and sugarbeet) which are resistant to glufosinate. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glufosinate"
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Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, C3H8NO5P) is a non-selective herbicide to kill weeds, especially perennials. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glyphosate"
Herbicidal warfare is a form of chemical warfare, in which the objective is to destroy the plant-based ecosystem of an area, for the purpose of disrupting agricultural food production, or destroying plants which provide cover to an enemy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Herbicidal warfare"
A herbicide is a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants. Selective herbicides kill certain targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often based on plant hormones. Herbicides used to clear waste ground are nonselective and kill every plant with which they come into contact. Some plants produce natural herbicides, such as the genus Juglans (walnuts). ...more on Wikipedia about "Herbicide"
Juglone is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C10H6 O3. ...more on Wikipedia about "Juglone"
MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy-acetic acid, C9H9ClO3) is a powerful insecticide and herbicide. ...more on Wikipedia about "MCPA"
Methazole (C9H6Cl2N2O3) is a herbicide. ...more on Wikipedia about "Methazole"
Paraquat is the trade name for N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride, a quaternary ammonium herbicide. Other members of this class include diquat, cyperquat, diethamquat, difenzoquat and morfamquat. All of these are easily reduced to the radical anion, which in turn generates superoxide radical that reacts with unsaturated membrane lipids. ...more on Wikipedia about "Paraquat"
Picloram (C6H3Cl3N2O2) is colorless compound used as a herbicide. ...more on Wikipedia about "Picloram"
Roundup is the brand name of a systemic, broad-spectrum herbicide produced by the US life sciences giant Monsanto. It is the most used herbicide in the world, and the top-selling agrichemical of all time. Monsanto developed and patented the glyphosate molecule in the 1970s, and marketed Roundup from 1973. It retained exclusive rights in the US until its US patent expired in September, 2000, and maintained a predominant marketshare in countries where the patent expired earlier. ...more on Wikipedia about "Roundup"
Triclopyr is a systemic, foliar herbicide in the pyridine group. It is used to control broadleaf weeds while leaving grasses and conifers unaffected. ...more on Wikipedia about "Triclopyr"
Velpar is the trade name for a powerful herbicide manufactured by DuPont. It's chemical formula is C12H2ON4O2 and it's IUPAC name is 3-cyclohexyl-6-dimethylamino-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione. It's CAS Number is 51235-04-2. ...more on Wikipedia about "Velpar"
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