Historical events in cryptography

The Babington Plot was the event which most directly led to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. This was a second major plot against Elizabeth I of England after the Ridolfi plot. ...more on Wikipedia about "Babington Plot"

The Battle of Midway took place on June 5, 1942 ( June 4 – June 7 in U.S. time zones). Only one month after the inconclusive Battle of the Coral Sea, the United States Navy defeated a Japanese attack against Midway Atoll, marking a turning point in the Pacific War (1937–1945). ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Midway"

The Beale ciphers are a set of three ciphertexts, one of which allegedly states the location of a buried treasure of gold and silver estimated to be worth over 20 million US dollars in today's money. The other two ciphertexts allegedly describe the content of the treasure, and list the names of the finders' next of kin, respectively. ...more on Wikipedia about "Beale ciphers"

The Clipper chip is a chipset that was developed and promoted by the U.S. Government as an encryption device to be adopted by telecommunications companies for voice transmission. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clipper chip"

Code-Talker Paradox refers to linguistic issue that brings into question some fundemental ideas of the nature of languages. Basically, how can a language both enable communication and block communication? ...more on Wikipedia about "Code-Talker Paradox"

Communications problems and successes played an important role in the September 11, 2001 attacks and their aftermath. ...more on Wikipedia about "Communication during the September 11, 2001 attacks"

Content-Scrambling System (CSS) is an encryption system used on some DVDs. It uses a weak, proprietary 40-bit encryption stream cipher algorithm. The system was introduced circa 1996. This has no relation to cascading style sheets. ...more on Wikipedia about "Content-scrambling system" Who is shortopedia? shortopedia

The Dorabella Cipher is an enciphered letter written and enciphered by Edward Elgar to Miss Dora Penny (the letter was accompanied by another dated July 14, 1897). She was never able to decipher it and its contents remain unknown to this day. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dorabella Cipher"

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a pair of alleged attacks by North Vietnamese gunboats on two American destroyers, the USS Maddox and the USS C. Turner Joy, in August of 1964 in the Gulf of Tonkin. Later research, including a report released in 2005 by the National Security Agency, indicates that the second attack did not occur. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gulf of Tonkin Incident"

The history of cryptography dates back thousands of years. Until recent decades, it has been a history of classic cryptography — of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids. In the early 20th century, the invention of complex mechanical and electromechanical machines, such as the Enigma rotor machine, provided more sophisticated and efficient means of encryption; and the subsequent introduction of electronics and computing has allowed elaborate schemes of still greater complexity. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of cryptography"

Hut 8 was a section at Bletchley Park (the British World War II codebreaking station) tasked with solving German naval Enigma messages. The section was led by Alan Turing, who was succeeded by his deputy Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander later on in the war. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hut 8"

JN-25 is the name used by Western cryptography organizations for the main secure command and control communications scheme used by the Imperial Japanese Navy (JIN) during and before WWII (it was the 25th Japanese Navy system identified). It was an encyphered code, producing 5 numeral groups as the traffic which was actually broadcast. It was frequently revised during its lifetime, and each new version required a more or less fresh cryptanalytic start. New code books were introduced from time to time and new superencyphering books were also introduced, sometimes even at the same time. In particular, JN-25 was significantly changed immediately before the Pearl Harbor attack in December 1941. It was that edition of the JN-25 system which was sufficiently broken by late May 1942 to provide the forewarning which led to the US victory at the Battle of Midway. ...more on Wikipedia about "JN-25"

Kryptos is the name of a sculpture by American artist James Sanborn located on the grounds of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Langley, Virginia, in the United States. Since its dedication on November 3, 1990, there has been much speculation about the meaning of the encrypted messages it bears. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kryptos"

(List of famous ciphertexts) *The cryptogram in The Gold Bug ...more on Wikipedia about "List of famous ciphertexts"

In World War II, Magic was the United States codename for intelligence derived from the cryptanalysis of PURPLE, a Japanese foreign office cipher. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magic (cryptography)"

Markovian Parallax Denigrate refers to a series of articles posted to Usenet on August 5, 1996. Most of them consist of what appear to be random words, sometimes numbering in the thousands in a single posting. The name is taken from the subject line of many of the articles. ...more on Wikipedia about "Markovian Parallax Denigrate"

_NSAKEY is a variable name discovered in Windows NT 4 Service Pack 5 (which had been released unstripped of its symbolic debugging data) in August 1999 by Andrew D. Fernandes of Cryptonym Corporation. That variable contained a 1024-bit public key. ...more on Wikipedia about "NSAKEY"

Operation CHAOS was a domestic espionage project conducted by the CIA. A department within the CIA was established by President Lyndon Johnson which then came to be known as the Domestic Operations Division (DOD). The division's main function was to manage the direction, support, and coordination of clandestine operations and activities within America. ...more on Wikipedia about "Operation CHAOS"

The Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill, London, was first established in 1921 and opened by the Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in 1933. ...more on Wikipedia about "Post Office Research Station"

Project MERRIMAC was a domestic espionage operation coordinated under the Domestic Operations Division (DOD) of the CIA. It involved information gathering procedures via infiltration and surveillance on Washington-based anti-war groups that may pose as potential threats to the CIA. However, the parameters for the type of data gathered also included general information on the infrastructure of targeted communities. Project MERRIMAC and its twin program, Project RESISTANCE were both coordinated by the CIA Office of Security. In addition, the twin projects were branch operations that relayed civilian information to their parent program, Operation CHAOS. ...more on Wikipedia about "Project MERRIMAC"

Project MINARET was a sister project to Project SHAMROCK coordinated by the NSA, CIA, and FBI. It involved the usage of "watch lists" to oversee "subversive" domestic activities. Also included in the lists were notables such as Malcolm X, Jane Fonda, Joan Baez, and Martin Luther King. ...more on Wikipedia about "Project MINARET"

Proiect RESISTANCE was a domestic espionage operation coordinated under the Domestic Operations Division (DOD) of the CIA. Its purpose was to collect background information on hostile contingencies around the country that might pose as threats to CIA facilities and personnel. Through 1967 to 1973, many local police departments, college campus staff members, and other independent informants collaborated with the CIA to keep track of student radical groups that opposed the U.S. government's foreign policies on Vietnam. Project RESISTANCE and its twin program, Project MERRIMAC were both coordinated by the CIA Office of Security. In addition, the twin projects were branch operations that relayed civilian information to their parent program, Operation CHAOS. ...more on Wikipedia about "Project RESISTANCE"

Project SHAMROCK, considered to be the sister project for Project MINARET, was an espionage exercise that involved the accumulation of all telegraphic data entering into or exiting from the United States. The Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA) and its successor NSA were given direct access to daily microfilm copies of all incoming, outgoing, and transiting telegraphs via the Western Union and its associates RCA and ITT. Operation Shamrock lasted well into the 1960s when computerized operations ( HARVEST) made it possible to search for keywords rather than read through all communications. ...more on Wikipedia about "Project SHAMROCK"

(Shugborough House inscription) The Shepherd's Monument carries a relief that shows a woman watching three shepherds pointing to a tomb. On the tomb is depicted the Latin text " Et in arcadia ego" ("I am also in Arcadia" or "I am even in Arcadia"). The relief is based on a painting by the French artist Nicholas Poussin, known itself as Et in Arcadia ego, but the relief has a number of modifications — most noticeably that it is reversed horizontally. Other differences include a change in which letter of the tomb a shepherd is pointing at and the addition of an extra sarcophagus to the scene. ...more on Wikipedia about "Shugborough House inscription"

The Significance of Venona discusses the results and implications of the VENONA project, a long-running and highly secret collaboration between the United States intelligence agencies and the United Kingdom's MI5 and GCHQ that involved the cryptanalysis of Soviet messages. ...more on Wikipedia about "Significance of Venona"

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