Historical linguistics Historical linguistics A-mutation was a vowel harmony process that took place at the late Proto-Germanic stage (perhaps around 200 AD), and caused a high vowel to become lowered when a following syllable contained a non-high vowel (not just /a/; hence the term is a misnomer). It did not occur if a /j/ in a consonant cluster nasal followed by another consonant intervened. It operated most consistently on /u/, which was usually lowered to /o/ (a sound that did not previously exist, since /o/ from Proto-Indo-European had become /a/ by an earlier change). Its most noticeable effect was on past participles, where, for example, Old English 'flogen' "flown" < */flugana/ alternated with 'flugon' "they flew" < */flugunþ/. However, it is also visible in a few lexical alternations, for example 'gold' "gold" < */gulda/ vs. 'gyldan' "to gild" < */guldjan/. ...more on Wikipedia about "A-mutation"
August Schleicher ( February 19, 1821 - December 6, 1868) was a German linguist. His great work was A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages, in which he attempted to reconstruct the Proto-Indo-European language. ...more on Wikipedia about "August Schleicher"
Base languages, also known as root languages, are ancient languages from which families of other languages have originated, evolved, or been adapted. They can be found at the base of language "trees". Most base languages are now extinct. ...more on Wikipedia about "Base language"
In linguistics, a calque ( pronounced [kælk]) or loan translation is a phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word translation. For example, in some dialects of French, the English term " weekend" becomes la fin de semaine ("the end of week"), a calque, but in some it is left untranslated as le week-end, a loanword. "Loan translation" is itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung. ...more on Wikipedia about "Calque"
In the study of phonetic changes, a chain shift is a type of sound shift in which a group of sounds all change at about the same time, with some sounds taking the place of others. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chain shift"
Cognates are words that have a common origin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cognate"
The comparative method (in linguistics) is a method used to detect genetic relationships between languages and to establish a consistent relationship hypothesis by reconstructing: ...more on Wikipedia about "Comparative method"
Compensatory lengthening in phonology and historical linguistics is the lengthening of a vowel sound that happens upon the loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda. An example from the history of English is the lengthening of vowels that happened when the voiceless velar fricative was lost. For example, in Chaucer's time the word night was pronounced ; later the was lost and the was lengthened to by compensatory lengthening. (Later the became by the Great Vowel Shift.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Compensatory lengthening"
A doublet is one of two or more words in a language that share a common root word, but may have traveled into a language through different routes. For that reason, doublets may be nearly synonymous, but are not necessarily interchangeable. For example English pyre and fire are doublets. Subtle differences in the resulting modern words contribute to the richness of the English language, as indicated by the doublets frail and fragile (which share the Latin root, fragilis): one might refer to a fragile tea cup and a frail old woman, but a frail tea cup and fragile old woman are subtly different and possibly confusing descriptions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Doublet (linguistics)"
This planned new article will describe the verb in Gothic parallel to the article West Germanic strong verb. It is subsidiary to the article Germanic verb. ...more on Wikipedia about "East Germanic strong verb"
Evolutionary linguistics is the scientific study of the origins and development of language. The main problem in this research is the lack of empirical data: spoken language leaves no traces behind. This has led to an abandonment of the field for many decades. Recently, however, the field is reviving due to the development of new technologies. ...more on Wikipedia about "Evolutionary linguistics"
A pair of false cognates consists of two words in different languages that appear to be or are sometimes considered cognates (words in different languages with a common root) when they are in fact not. Note that even false cognates may have an indirect connection between them, even if they lack a common root. ...more on Wikipedia about "False cognate"
Genetic, in linguistics, means due to descent from a common ancestor language, rather than borrowing at some time in the past between languages that were not necessarily descended from a common ancestor. ...more on Wikipedia about "Genetic (linguistics)"
A Genetic relationship, in linguistics is the relationship which exists among languages as a result of being members of the same language family or language group--that is, either being derived from, or acting as ancestor of, each other. ...more on Wikipedia about "Genetic relationship" Who is shortopedia?
In linguistics, the Germanic spirant law, sometimes referred to by the German term Primärberührung, is a specific historical instance of assimilation which occurred at an early stage in the history of the Germanic languages and is regarded by some as being early enough to fall into the same general context as Grimm's and Verner's law. It affects the new voiced and voiceless stops b, d, g, and p, t, k which had been produced by Grimm's and Verner's law out of different series of consonants in Proto-Indo-European. If these were immediately followed by a t, they changed to a voiceless fricative (spirant): ...more on Wikipedia about "Germanic spirant law"
The Germanic substrate hypothesis is an attempt to explain the distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo-European language family. It posits that the elements of the common Germanic vocabulary and syntactical forms which do not seem to have an Indo-European origin represent, in essence, a creole language: a contact language synthesis between Indo-European speakers and a non-Indo-European substrate language used by the ancestors of the speakers of the Proto-Germanic language. The culture and tribes from which the theoretical substrate material originated continues to be a subject of academic debate and study. Notable candidates for possible substrate culture(s) are the Ertebølle culture, Funnelbeaker culture, Pitted Ware culture and the Corded Ware culture. ...more on Wikipedia about "Germanic substrate hypothesis"
(Glottochronology) Today, Lexicostatistics is comprised as a subfield of Quantitative Linguistics. As the name says, it deals with statistical methods on lexical material of languages. ...more on Wikipedia about "Glottochronology"
Grammaticalisation, also referred to as Grammaticalization, Grammaticisation, Grammaticization, Grammatisation or Grammatization is a theory describing the change of a content word (lexical morpheme) into a function word or grammatical affix. ...more on Wikipedia about "Grammaticalisation"
In historical linguistics, the German term Grammatischer Wechsel ("grammatical alternation") refers to the effects of Verner's law when viewed synchronically within the paradigm of a Germanic verb. ...more on Wikipedia about "Grammatischer Wechsel"
Grimm's law (also known as the [First] Germanic Sound Shift; German: "Erste Deutsche (Germanische) Lautverschiebung") was the first non-trivial systematic sound change ever to be discovered; its formulation was a turning-point in the development of linguistics, enabling the introduction of rigorous methodology in historical linguistic research. The "law" was discovered by Friedrich von Schlegel in 1806 and Rasmus Christian Rask in 1818. These rules were later elaborated on (i.e. extended to include High German) in 1822 by Jacob Grimm, the elder of the Brothers Grimm in his book Deutsche Grammatik. Some scholars use the term Rask's-Grimm's rule. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives (see: Consonant) and the stop consonants of certain other Indo-European languages (Grimm used mostly Latin and Greek for illustration). ...more on Wikipedia about "Grimm's law"
In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or Second Germanic consonant shift (German: hochdeutsche or zweite germanische Lautverschiebung) was a phonological development ( sound change) which took place in the southern dialects of German in several phases, probably beginning between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, and was almost complete before the earliest written records in the German language were made in the 9th century. The resulting language was Old High German, which can neatly be contrasted with the Northern German Old Saxon, which mostly did not experience the shift, and with Old English, which was completely unaffected. ...more on Wikipedia about "High German consonant shift"
Languages that were spoken in a historical period may evolve into later forms (like Ancient Greek into Modern Greek), or they may undergo language death and become extinct. Historical linguistics is the study of historical languages. ...more on Wikipedia about "Historical language"
Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time, by means of examining languages which are recognizably related through similarities such as vocabulary, word formation, and syntax, as well as the surviving records of ancient languages. Historical linguistics aims to classify the world's languages by their genetic affiliations and to trace the historic development of languages. Modern historical linguistics grew out of the earlier discipline of philology, the study of ancient texts and documents. In its early years, historical linguistics focused on the well-known Indo-European languages; but since then, significant comparative linguistic work has been done on the Uralic languages, Austronesian languages and various families of Native American languages, among many others. ...more on Wikipedia about "Historical linguistics"
I-mutation (also known as umlaut, front mutation, i-umlaut, i/j-mutation or i/j-umlaut) is an important type of sound change, more precisely a category of regressive metaphony, in which a back vowel is fronted, and/or a front vowel is raised, if the following syllable contains /i/, /ī/ or /j/ ( voiced palatal approximant the sound of English : For non-Indo-European languages, see Apophony. ...more on Wikipedia about "Indo-European ablaut"
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