History of China History of China The 1421 theory of the Chinese discovery of the Americas originates from former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin Menzies. In his book, 1421: The Year China Discovered The World, Menzies suggests that ships commanded by the Chinese captains Zhou Wen (周聞), Zhou Man (周滿), Yang Qing (楊慶) and Hong Bao (洪保), in the fleet of Emperor Zhu Di's (朱棣) Admiral Zheng He (鄭和), travelled to many parts of the world during the Ming Dynasty era from 1421 to 1423, before the Europeans 'discovered' these places. ...more on Wikipedia about "1421 hypothesis"
18 Kingdoms refer to the kingdoms created in China during and after the collapse of Qin Dynasty. Here is the complete list: ...more on Wikipedia about "18 Kingdoms"
The Twenty Eight Bolsheviks were a group of Chinese students who studied at the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University from the late 1920s until early 1935. The university was set up in 1925 as a by-product of Kuomintang's founder Sun Yat-Sen or Sun Zhongshan's policy of alliance with Soviet Union and named after him. Although the university only lasted for 5 years, it had important influence on Chinese modern history by training many prominent Chinese political figures, among which the most famous ones are called "Twenty Eight|Twenty Eight and A Half Bolsheviks". This group of students consisted of hardliners of Marxism-Leninism policy, regarded them as legitimate and one hundred percent Marxists. ...more on Wikipedia about "28 Bolsheviks"
Aisin Gioro ( ; Manchu: ) was the clan name of the Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty (as well as the later short-lived regime in Manchukuo). The word aisin means gold in the Manchu language, but the meaning of gioro is unknown, probably surname. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aisin Gioro"
Alexandria Eschate ( Greek , “Alexandria the Furthest”) was founded by Alexander the Great in 329 BCE as his most advanced base in Central Asia. It was established in the southwestern part of the Fergana Valley, on the southern bank of the river Jaxartes (modern name Syr Darya), at the location of the modern city of Khujand (also called Khodzhent, formerly Leninabad), in the state of Tajikistan. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alexandria Eschate"
All under heaven ( Chinese: 天下; pinyin: tiān xià) is a concept in Chinese history. It was related to the Chinese conception of China as the Middle Kingdom, the center of the universe. In ancient Chinese political thought, the Chinese emperor would ideally rule all under heaven, that is, the entire world, which was possible because China was considered to be so vast that it encompassed all the world. The known kingdoms that lay outside of China were considered to be barbaric, and many of them paid tribute to the Chinese emperor and were under the suzerainty of the Chinese empire. ...more on Wikipedia about "All under heaven"
The Anti-Japanese demonstrations of 2005 are demonstrations that happened in spring 2005 in China and Korea to protest against a Japanese history textbook "Atarashii Rekishi Kyokasho" (新しい歴史教科書) or "New History Textbook" which downplays or " whitewashes" the nature of Japan's military aggression in the Sino-Japanese War, in Japan's annexation of Korea in 1910, and in World War II. The textbook was written by the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform, a conservative Japanese organization, which, as its name implies, aims to revise Japanese history to suit its rightist ends. It whitewashes wartime atrocities, de-emphasizes the subject of the Chinese and Korean comfort women, and avoids contemporary issues surrounding Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni shrine in honor of dead Japanese soldiers, where the enshrined include the names of many convicted and executed war criminals. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anti-Japanese demonstrations, 2005"
After the end of World War I ( 1919), Russia had signed a number of unequal treaties with China, forcing the latter to lease concessions and to give her benefits in many other means. In 1901, Russia wanted to take over of the 3 provinces in North-east China with Japan's help. After the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki to settle the aftermath of China, the eight powers having invaded China before had left the Chinese soil, except Russia. When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia tried to put the 3 provinces under Russian control in 1903, the Chinese people were irritated and they joined the Anti-Russian Movement. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anti-Russian Movement"
Anxi ( Chinese: 安息) is the ancient Chinese name for Parthia. Anxi was described by the Chinese explorer Zhang Qian who visited the neighbouring countries of Bactria and Sogdiana in 126 BC, making the first known Chinese report on Parthia. In Chinese the name "Anxi" (pronounced anshiak in Tang dynasty Chinese) is a transliteration of the name Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anxi"
The Autumn Harvest Uprising was an insurrection that took place in Hunan province, China in 1927, led by Mao Zedong. ...more on Wikipedia about "Autumn Harvest Uprising"
The Bandun Man were a ancient people living along the Jialing River valley, in the area of modern Langzhong in Sichuan, China. Their name, literally meaning "board shield barbarians", is derived from their fighting style of charging with shields to break the enemy line. They were also called the Bohu Yi (白虎夷), meaning the "white tiger barbarians". ...more on Wikipedia about "Bandun Man"
Battle of Hoàng Sa was a sea battlte between the Republic of Vietnam and the People's Republic of China from 17 to 19 January, 1974 at the Paracel Islands. After French withdrawal from Indochina, the Republic of Vietnam controlled the islands. After the battle, the China controlled the region until now. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Hoang Sa 1974"
The term Beiyang ( Chinese: 北洋; pinyin: Běiyáng; Wade-Giles: Peiyang) originated toward the end of the Qing dynasty, and it refered to the coastal areas of Fengtian ( Chinese: 奉天; pinyin: Fèngtiān) (today's Liaoning), Zhili ( Chinese:直隶; pinyin: Zhílì) (today's Hebei, and Shandong in northeast China. ...more on Wikipedia about "Beiyang"
Big-character posters ( Traditional Chinese 大字報, Simplified Chinese 大字报, pinyin dàzìbào, literally "big-character journal") are handwritten, wall-mounted posters using large-sized Chinese characters, used as a means of protest, propaganda, and popular communication. They have been used in China since imperial times, but became more common when literacy rates rose after the 1911 revolution. They have also incorporated limited-circulation newspapers, excerpted press articles, and pamphlets intended for public display. ...more on Wikipedia about "Big-character poster"
The Blue Shirts Society (藍衣社 in Chinese, hereinafter referred to as the BSS) also known as Society of Practice of Three Principles of People (三民主義力行社 in Chinese, hereinafter referred to SPTPP in short ), Spirit Encouragement Society (勵志社 in Chinese) and China Reconstruction Society (中華復興社 in Chinese，hereinafter referred to as CRS in short), was a secret clique in the Kuomintang (KMT). Under the direction of Chiang Kai-shek it sought to lead the KMT and China into the way of Fascism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Blue Shirts Society"
The Blue Sky with a White Sun ( Chinese: 青天白日; pinyin: qīng tīan bái rì) serves as the design for the party flag and emblem of the Kuomintang, the canton of the flag of the Republic of China, the national emblem of the Republic of China, and as the naval jack of the ROC Navy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Blue Sky with a White Sun"
The Book of Liang ( Ch: 梁書, Liangshu), was compiled under Yao Silian 姚思廉 in 635. ...more on Wikipedia about "Book of Liang"
Cāngjié or Cāng Jié ( Traditional Chinese: 倉頡; Simplified Chinese: 仓颉), also known as Chongkit (the Cantonese pronunciation of his name), is a legendary figure in ancient China, claimed to be an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of the Chinese characters. Legend has it that he had four eyes and when he invented the character, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained corns. He is not considered to be a historical figure, or at least, not considered to be sole inventor of Chinese characters. The Cangjie method, a Chinese character input method with computer keyboards, is named after him. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cangjie"
Cao Cao's unification of northern China was an important transitionary period in Chinese history. Occurring shortly after the fall of the Han Dynasty, it led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Wei, one of the major Chinese states during the Three Kingdoms period. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cao Cao's unification of northern China"
Cao Wei ( Simplified/ Traditional Chinese: 曹魏; pinyin: Cáo Wèi), also known in English as the Kingdom of Wei ( ch: 魏, py: wèi, wg: wei) ( 220- 265) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. The prefix "Cao" (the imperial clan name) is added to distinguish it from several other states in Chinese history known as Wei -- Wei (warring states period) and Northern Wei (as well as Northern Wei's successor states Western Wei and Eastern Wei). ...more on Wikipedia about "Cao Wei"
Cathay is the Anglicized version of "Catai", the name that was given to northern China by Marco Polo (he referred to southern China as Manji). "Catai" itself derives from the word Khitan, the name of a tribe ruling predominantly in Northern China during Polo's visits. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cathay"
Chang'an ( ) is the ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in China. "Chang'an" means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese. (During the short-lived Xin Dynasty, the name was changed to 常安 -- pronounced the same way, but with the meaning of "Frequent Peace" instead; after the fall of Xin in 23, the name was changed back.) In the Ming Dynasty, the city changed its name to Xi'an西安, meaning "Western Peace", which is what the city is called today. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chang'an"
Chariot burials are tombs in which the deceased was buried together with his chariot, usually including his horses and other possessions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chariot burial"
Chen Dynasty 陳朝 (557-589) was the fourth and the last of the Southern dynasties in China, eliminated by the Sui Dynasty. This dynasty had very little chance of survival. The devastation of the last years of the Liang Dynasty severely crippled the Chen Dynasty. The last of the Emperors, Hou Zhou, has been described as 'drunk, dissolute, ...more on Wikipedia about "Chen Dynasty"
Chen Sheng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳勝) (d. 209 BC or 208 BC (around the new year)) was the leader of the first rebellion against Qin Dynasty during the reign of Qin Er Shi, following the death of Qin Shi Huang. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chen Sheng"
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