History of Europe History of Europe Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani was the Arab governor general of the Muslim occupied region of the Iberian Peninsula called Al-Andalus in the beginning of the 8th century. ...more on Wikipedia about "Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani"
Alfred ( 849? – 26 October 899) or Ælfred was king of the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is famous for his defence of the kingdom against the Danes ( Vikings), becoming as a result the only English monarch to be awarded the epithet "the Great" by his people. Alfred was the first King of Wessex to style himself " King of England". Details of his life are known as a result of a work by the Welsh scholar, Asser. A learned man, Alfred encouraged education and improved the kingdom's law system ( Doom book). ...more on Wikipedia about "Alfred the Great"
The Amber Road (in Lithuanian: Gintaro kelias; Polish: Szlak Bursztynowy, Jantarowy Szlak; in German: Bernsteinstraße; in Hungarian: Borostyán út, in Russian: Янтарный путь) was an ancient trade route for the transfer of amber. As one of the waterways and ancient 'highways', for centuries the road led from Europe to Asia and back, and from northern Europe to the Mediterranean. ...more on Wikipedia about "Amber Road"
The United Kingdom and Russia concluded the Anglo-Russian Entente on August 31, 1907, in St. Petersburg. It defined their respective spheres of interest in Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet, with Russia taking the northern areas and Britain taking the Persian Gulf in the south. Its primary aim was to check German expansion into the area. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anglo-Russian Entente"
The aristocratic resurgence was an 18th century reaction of the European nobility to the threat to their social position and privileges that they felt from the expanding power of the monarchies of pre-revolutionary Europe. These nobles demanded exclusivity, wanted to have the most powerful position in the army, and demanded exemption from taxation. At the time, positions of nobility were being sold, and nobles still had to pay some taxes. After 1750 the French aristocracy discouraged middle-class upward mobility and increased its monopoly over upper church offices. This fostered middle-class resentment and contributed to the French revolution. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aristocratic resurgence"
Attila the Hun ( Old Norse: Atle, Atli; German: Etzel; ca. 406– 453 AD) was the last and most powerful king of the Huns. He reigned over what was then Europe's largest empire, from 434 until his death. His empire stretched from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Danube River to the Baltic. During his rule he was among the direst enemies of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires: he invaded the Balkans twice and encircled Constantinople in the second invasion. He marched through France as far as Orleans before being turned back at Chalons; and he drove the western emperor Valentinian III from his capital at Ravenna in 452. ...more on Wikipedia about "Attila the Hun"
The beer riots in Bavaria between 1 May and 5 May 1844 began after King Ludwig I of Bavaria decreed a tax on beer. Crowds of urban workers beat up police, while the Bavarian army showed reluctance to get involved. Civil order was restored only after the King decreed a ten percent reduction in the price of beer. Following the Revolutions of 1848, Ludwig I abdicated in favor of his son, Maximilian II.
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The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid- 14th century ( 1347– 50), killing about a third of Europe's population, an estimated 34 million people. A series of contemporaneous plague epidemics also occurred across large portions of Asia and the Middle East, indicating that the European outbreak was actually part of a worldwide pandemic. The same disease is thought to have returned to Europe every generation with varying degrees of intensity and fatality until the 1700s. Notable late outbreaks include the Italian Plague of 1629-1631, the Great Plague of London (1665–66), and the Great Plague of Vienna (1679). A significant outbreak of the bubonic plague, the Great Plague of Marseille, occurred in France in 1720 - 1722. As the source of this infection was directly from the Middle East, this outbreak is probably not a continuation of the Black Death. ...more on Wikipedia about "Black Death"
In a European context, the term Border states policy, and Border states in a specific sense, refer to attempts during the interbellum to unite the countries that had won their independence from Imperial Russia due to the Russian Revolution, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and ultimately the defeat of Imperial Germany in World War I. The policy aimed at a united defense against the threat of Communist expansionism and World Revolution. ...more on Wikipedia about "Border states"
Budjak or Budzhak is the southern part of Bessarabia, now part of the Odessa Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is a multiethnic region lying along the Black Sea between the Danube and Dniester rivers and below Moldova. ...more on Wikipedia about "Budjak"
Calisia was a "station" on so-called " Amber Road", mentioned by Ptolemy, formerly universally identified with Kalisz. ...more on Wikipedia about "Calisia"
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire are contracts between Ottoman Empire and European powers. They were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements are entered into by each contracting party towards the other not mere concessions. As regards technical distinctions, an agreement, an exchange of notes, or a convention properly applies to one specific subject; whereas a treaty usually comprises several matters, whether commercial or political. ...more on Wikipedia about "Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire"
The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia ( Latvian: Indriķa hronika, Latin: Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae, Estonian: Läti Henriku kroonika) is a historic document describing the history of Latvia and Estonia from 1180 to 1227. It is the oldest known written document about the history of these countries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chronicle of Henry of Livonia"
About 150 arrangements of prehistoric circular ditches are known to archaeologists spread over Germany, Austria and Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Their diameters range from ca. 20 to ca. 130 m, and they date to the 5th millennium BC. Tools, bones, and some artefacts were found in their context. The largest of these arrangements to date was found in Leipzig in the 1990s. Another large find was at the nearby village of Aythra, outside of Leipzig. From finds in the context of these ditches, and associated settlements of longhouses, it was established that they were in use for about 200 years, until roughly 4600 BC. Similar monumental arrangements were only to re-appear in the Bronze Age, some three millennia later. ...more on Wikipedia about "Circular ditches" Everybody should like shortopedia
The Codex Cumanicus was a linguistic manual of the Middle Ages, presumably designed to help Catholic missionaries to the Kipchaks. It is currently housed in the Library of St. Mark, in Venice (Cod. Mar. Lat. DXLIX). ...more on Wikipedia about "Codex Cumanicus"
The Concert of Europe describes the broad co-operation between Europe's great powers after 1815. Its purpose was to maintain the peace settlement concluded at the Congress of Vienna following the defeat of Napoleonic France. Centred on the 1815 Quadruple Alliance of Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia (expanded in 1818 to include France's restored Bourbon monarchy in the Quintuple Alliance), the Concert was divided throughout by the differing ideological perspectives of its principal participants. While the Continental powers sought to maintain the political status quo in western and central Europe to the extent of armed intervention against revolutionary outbreaks which might threaten conservative order, British statesmen from the 1820s pursued a less reactionary policy, notably in opposing any threat to the revolutions against Spanish and Portuguese rule in Latin America. Britain similarly stood aside from the Continental monarchies' authorisation of Austrian military intervention in Italy in 1821 and French intervention in Spain in 1823. The July Revolution of 1830 eroded the unity of the Continental powers by bringing France under a more liberal monarchy. The Concert's principal accomplishments were the securing of the independence of Greece ( 1830) and Belgium ( 1831). In 1840 the powers (except France) intervened in defence of the Ottoman Empire (against which they had supported Greece) to end Egypt's eight-year occupation of Syria. Fatally weakened by the European revolutionary upheavals of 1848 with their demands for revision of the Vienna frontiers along national lines, the last vestiges of the Concert expired amid successive wars between its participants - the Crimean War ( 1854- 56), the Franco-Austrian War ( 1859), the Austro-Prussian War ( 1866) and the Franco-Prussian War ( 1870- 71). ...more on Wikipedia about "Concert of Europe"
In the Middle Ages and later there persisted a common belief that the Vandals were ancestors of Poles or Slavic peoples. That belief originated probably because of two facts: first, confusion of the Venedes with Vandals and secondly, because both Venedes and Vandals in ancient times lived in areas later settled by Poles. In 796 in the Annales Alamanici one can find an excerpt saying Pipinus ... perrexit in regionem Wandalorum, et ipsi Wandali venerunt obvium ("Pippen went to regions of Vandals and the Vandals came to meet him"). In Annales Sangallenses the same raid (however put in 795 is summarised in one short message Wandali conquisiti sunt ("Vandals were destroyed")). This means that early medieval writers gave the name of Vandals to Avars. ...more on Wikipedia about "Connection between Poles and Vandals"
(Consequences of German Nazism) See also: ...more on Wikipedia about "Consequences of German Nazism"
The Conservative Order is a term applied to European political history after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. From 1815 to 1830 a conscious programme by conservative statesmen, including Metternich and on lines set down by Castlereagh, was put in place to contain revolution and revolutionary forces by restoring old orders, particularly previous ruling aristocracies. In South America, on the other hand, this was a time in which the Spanish and Portuguese colonies gained independence. ...more on Wikipedia about "Conservative Order"
(Crisis of the Late Middle Ages) :Main article: Medieval demography ...more on Wikipedia about "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages"
Note: List is still incomplete and needs a proof-reading. ...more on Wikipedia about "Date of independence of European countries"
The Dawes committee consisted of ten representatives, two each from Belgium, France, Britain, Italy, and the United States. It was entrusted with finding a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt following World War I, set at almost 20 billion marks. The main points of The Dawes Plan are as follows: ...more on Wikipedia about "Dawes Plan"
The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western Europe and its first colonies, that spans the time between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution that has created modern society. The early modern period is characterized by the rise to importance of science, cumulative and increasingly rapid technological progress, secularized civic politics and capitalist economics, all monitored by the nation state. As such it represents the diminution and/or abolition of Christian theocracy, feudalism and serfdom. When the economic historian Fernand Braudel covered the early modern world in Civilization and Capitalism, the span of time he covered was the 15th through the 18th centuries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Early modern Europe"
Estado Novo ( Portuguese for "New State") is the name of the Portuguese conservative authoritarian regime installed in 1933, following the army-led coup d'état of 28th May 1926 against the democratic republic. The Estado Novo was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, ruler of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. ...more on Wikipedia about "Estado Novo (Portugal)"
The summer of 2003 was one of the hottest ever in Europe; this led to a health crisis in certain countries as well as considerable impact on crops. ...more on Wikipedia about "European heat wave of 2003"
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