History of Peru

The 2004 South American Summit – the third of its kind, after earlier events in Brasília ( September 2000) and Guayaquil ( July 2002) – was held in Cuzco and Ayacucho, Peru, on 7– 9 December 2004. Officially it constituted the Extraordinary Meeting of the Andean Presidential Council (Reunión Extraordinaria del Consejo Presidencial Andino ** ). ...more on Wikipedia about "2004 South American Summit"

3D Global Solutions is a private military contractor (PMC), based in Indiana (USA). It presents itself as a service-disabled veteran-owned small business (SDVOB) that specializes in the recruitment of retired military veterans for careers in information technology and physical security. ...more on Wikipedia about "3D Global Solutions"

AeroPeru Flight 603 was a scheduled Lima(LIM)- Santiago (SCL) flight which crashed on October 2, 1996. ...more on Wikipedia about "AeroPeru Flight 603"

Much of the pre-history of Peru has been wrapped up in where the farmable land was located. The most populated coastal regions of Peru are the two parallel mountain ranges and the series of 20 to 30 rivers running through the coastal desert. In dry periods only the mountains are wet enough for agriculture and the desert coast is empty, while in wet periods many cultures have thrived along the rivers of the coast. The well known Inca were a mountain-based culture that expanded when the climate became more wet, often sending conquered peoples down from the mountains into unfarmed but farmable lowlands. In contrast the Moche were a lowland culture that died out after a long drought. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agricultural history of Peru"

Agustín Gamarra ( 1785 - 1841) was a Peruvian military leader and politician. He was president of Peru from 1829 to 1833 and from 1838 to 1841. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agustín Gamarra"

Arturo Prat Chacón ( April 4, 1848, Hacienda de Puñual near Ninhue - May 21, 1879, Iquique) was a Chilean naval hero of the War of the Pacific. He reached the degree of Capitán de Fragata, equivalent to commander. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arturo Prat"

The Barrios Altos massacre took place on 3 November, 1991, in the Barrios Altos neighborhood of Lima, Peru. Fifteen people were killed, and four more injured, by assailants who were later determined to be members of Grupo Colina, a death squad made up of members of the Peruvian Armed Forces. The atrocity came to be seen as a symbol of the human rights violations committed during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori, and was one of the crimes cited in the request for his extradition submitted by the Peruvian government to Japan in 2003. ...more on Wikipedia about "Barrios Altos massacre"

The Battle of Ayacucho took place during the final phase of Peru's War of Independence. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Ayacucho"

The Battle of Callao (in Spanish, sometimes called el Combate del Dos de Mayo) occurred on May 2, 1866 between a Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez and a combined alliance of Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and Ecuador. The goal of Spain was to reconquer independent Peru. It bombarded the port of Callao (or El Callao), but eventually withdrew, effectively guaranteeing Peruvian independence (officially recognized by Spain in 1879). ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Callao"

The Battle of Junín was a military engagement of the Peruvian War of Independence, fought in the highlands of the Junín Region on August 6 1824. The preceding February the royalists had regained control of Lima, and having regrouped in Trujillo, Simón Bolívar in June led his rebel forces south to confront the Spanish. The two armies met on the plains of Junín, northwest of the Jauja Valley. The battle was an hour-long, hand-to-hand cavalry clash with lance and saber; no firearms were used. About 250 Spaniards and 150 patriots were killed. Although little more than a skirmish, the battle greatly enhanced the morale of the victorious patriots, and the chastised Spanish subsequently evacuated Lima. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Junín"

The Battle of Las Salinas was a confrontation between the forces of Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro against those of Diego de Almagro, on April 6, 1538. The conflict between the Pizarro brothers and Almagro originated in a dispute over the possession of the city of Cuzco during the Spanish conquest of Peru. While Almagro controlled the city from 1537, both considered the it under their jurisdicction. The battle took place in the ancient Indian saltmines of Cachipampa, situated about 5 km south of Cuzco. The result was a victory for the Pizarros: with Almagro captured (to be executed later that year), and his lieutenant, Rodrigo Orgóñez killed on the field of battle, they routed their enemy and took possession of Cuzco. Almagro was executed in July of 1538. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Las Salinas"

The Battle of Pacocha took place in the year 1877 when Nicolas de Pierola was leading a revolution in Peru. He used the Pervuvian Huáscar as a raiding ship. It practiced sabotage against primarily the government forces of Peru however after intercepting British merchant ships the British became outraged and sent their best Pacific admiral, Read Admiral de Horsey at the time to capture the vessel. The Peruvian vessel managed to sneak out of the battle scene under the cover of darkness which made it a Peruvian rebel victory. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Pacocha"

The Battle of Puná, a peripheral engagement of Francisco Pizarro's conquest of Peru, was fought in April 1531 on the island of Puná (in the Gulf of Guayaquil). Pizarro's conquistadors, boasting superior weaponry and tactical skill, decisively defeated the island's indigenous inhabitants. The battle marked the beginning of Pizarro's third and final expedition before the fall of the Inca Empire. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Puná"

The Battle of Punta Quemada, fought sometime in January 1525, was a brief but deadly encounter between a band of Spanish conquistadors and the warlike natives of Colombia, thought to be a northern tributary tribe to the Andean Kingdom of Quito. Though it marked the end of Francisco Pizarro's first tentative expedition along the Pacific coast, the battle also represented a crucial step to Spain's discovery and conquest of the Inca Empire. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Punta Quemada"

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The Cenepa War, or Alto Cenepa War (Spanish: guerra del Cenepa), was a localized and brief military conflict fought from January to March 1995, between Ecuador and Peru, for the control of a number of Ecuadorian military outposts located inside a disputed and undemarcated border area between the two countries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cenepa War"

The Chavín were an early civilization that existed in what is now the country of Peru. This Early Horizon civilization is believed to have developed around 900 BCE and died out around 200 BCE. The Chavíns laid the cultural foundation for the other Peruvian civilizations to come. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chavín culture"

Chavín de Huantar was the name given to a team of hundred and forty commandos of the Peruvian Armed Forces who ended the 1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis by raiding the Japanese ambassador's residence to free the hostages. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chavín de Huantar (military)"

This is a chart of the Peruvian cultural periods used by some archaeologists studying the area. Most of the cultures of the Late Horizon and some of the cultures of the Late Intermediate joined the Inca empire by 1493, but the period ends in 1534 because that marks the fall of the Inca empire after the Spanish conquest. Most of the cut-off years mark either an end of a severe drought or the beginning of one. These marked a shift of the most productive farming to or from the mountains, and tended to mark the end of one culture and the rise of another. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cultural periods of Peru"

The Democratic Constitutional Congress ( Spanish: Congreso Constituyente Democrático) was a Constituent Assembly created in Peru after the dissolution of Congress by President Alberto Fujimori in 1992. Its main purpose was to amend the Constitution of 1979. ...more on Wikipedia about "Democratic Constitutional Congress"

Diego de Almagro ( 1475 – 1538), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanish conquistador and a companion and rival of Francisco Pizarro. Born in Aldea del Rey, one account states he was a foundling in the village from which he derived his name. He later lost his left eye battling with coastal natives in the New World. ...more on Wikipedia about "Diego de Almagro"

Diego Fernandez was a Spanish adventurer and historian of the 16th century. ...more on Wikipedia about "Diego Fernandez"

The Ecuadorian-Peruvian war, fought between July 5 and July 31, 1941, was one of three military conflicts that occurred between these two Latin American nations during the 20th century—the two others being the Paquisha incident (also known as Falso Paquisha war in Peru), in 1981, and the Cenepa War(also know as Alto-Cenepa war in Peru), in 1995. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ecuadorian-Peruvian war"

Faucett Flight 251 was a flight that crashed on March 1, 1996 ( February 29, 1996 at Peruvian time) at Arequipa, Peru. The airplane was a Boeing 737, with the registration OB-1451, built in 1968. All 123 people on board died in the accident. ...more on Wikipedia about "Faucett Flight 251"

(Foreign relations of Peru) Disputes - international: ...more on Wikipedia about "Foreign relations of Peru"

Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475– June 26, 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire and founder of the city of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru. ...more on Wikipedia about "Francisco Pizarro"

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