History of South America History of South America Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda (born November 3, 1912) is a former politician and General from Paraguay who served as President and dictator of that country from 1954 to 1989. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alfredo Stroessner"
General Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (born November 25, 1915) was ruler of Chile from 1973 to 1990. He assumed dictatorial power by not relenquishing martial law after, as Commander in Chief of Chile's armed forces, he successfully ousted from power Salvador Allende (a Marxist physician who had become the first Socialist to be elected President of Chile) in a deposement authorized by the Chilean Chamber of Deputies for, its Resolution asserted, Allende's repeated violations of the Chilean Constitution. (These two related-but-disparate events, the legislatively-authorized military removal of Allende, and the assumption of dictatorial power by Pinochet, are to this day still often confused and/or conflated as a lingering legacy of cold war propaganda in the Latin American theater.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Augusto Pinochet"
Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros de la Torre ( 1758– 1829) was a Spanish naval officer born in Cartagena. He participated in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and in the Spanish resistence against Napoleon's invasion in 1808. ...more on Wikipedia about "Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros"
Colombia, then known as New Granada, acquired its definitive independence from Spain at the Battle of Boyacá. Brigadier Generals Francisco de Paula Santander and José Antonio Anzoátegui led a combined republican army of Colombians and Venezuelans, complemented by a small British Legion made up of mostly Irish volunteers (including some veterans from the Napoleonic Wars), to victory over a Spanish Royalist force led by Colonels José María Barreiro and Francisco Jiménez. The battle occurred 150 km from Bogotá in the Andes Mountains. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Boyacá"
The Battle of Curupaity was a key battle in the War of the Triple Alliance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Curupaity"
The Battle of Pichincha took place on 24 May, 1822, on the slopes of the Pichincha volcano, 3,500 meters above sea-level, right next to the city of Quito, in modern Ecuador. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Pichincha"
The Battle of Riachuelo was a key point in the War of the Triple Alliance. By late 1864, Paraguay had scored a series of victories in the war; on June 11, 1865, however, its naval defeat by Brazil began to turn the tide in favor of the allies. ...more on Wikipedia about "Battle of Riachuelo"
The fight for independence was culminated at Ayacucho in December 9 1824, as part of Bolívar's War in Republican Campaign when Antonio de Sucre's republican army of 7,000 defeated Jose de La Serna's Spanish army of 10,000, with more than 1,000 republican casualties to more than 2,000 Spanish casualties and more than 2,000 captured, among them La Serna. Spanish surrender came the next day. Sucre became the first president of republic. Country was named Bolivia after Simón Bolívar, on August 6, 1825. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bolivian Independence War"
The Chaco tribe built complex stone edifices that aligned with solar and lunar trajectories. The Chaco had no written language and so all knowledge required for building their structures had to be passed by word of mouth over many (25+) generations. The Chaco abandoned their structures over an extended period of time, meticulously sealing and destroying their structures. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chaco (tribe)"
The Chaco War ( 1932– 1935) was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over control of great part of the Gran Chaco region of South America, which was incorrectly thought to be rich in oil. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chaco War"
Pinochet's rule was characterized by systematic suppression of all leftist opposition, which led some to speak of a "politicide" (or "political genocide"). The worst violence occurred in the first days of the coup's aftermath, with the number of suspected leftists killed or " disappeared" soon reaching into the thousands. ( Charles Horman, a US citizen who was killed during the coup itself and Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara were some of the most famous case of " desaparecidos"). As soon as October 1973, at least 70 persons were killed by the Caravan of Death (Caravana de la Muerte). The National Stadium was used as a concentration camp holding 40 000 prisoners. Approximately 130,000 individuals were arrested in a three-year period, with the number of dead and "disappeared" reaching into the thousands within the first few months. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chile under Pinochet"
A death squad is an extra-judicial group whose members execute or assassinate persons they believe to be politically unreliable or undesirable. They differ from terrorist groups in that they are endorsed by governments, usually in order to eliminate political opponents; some are directly created by such governments, others are supported, protected, or merely not discouraged. Dictatorships, and democracies, especially totalitarian ones, have used them to kill whole groups of people who do not fit their political ideology, religion, or race (see genocide). ...more on Wikipedia about "Death squad"
Diego Fernandez was a Spanish adventurer and historian of the 16th century. ...more on Wikipedia about "Diego Fernandez"
The term dirty war generally refers to a program of state terrorism in response to perceived left-wing subversion that is claimed to threaten a country's stability. Opponents of such measures view it instead as a deliberate strategy of tension pursued in order to justify an authoritarian repressive program. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dirty War"
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El Dorado ( Spanish for "the gilded one") is a legend that began with the story of a South American tribal chief who covered himself with gold dust. ...more on Wikipedia about "El Dorado (legend)"
Ex-Nazis are those who were once Nazis and resigned from the party. It is also applied those who belonged to the party at the time when the Nazi party was declared illegal and was disbanded upon the victory of the Allies. Many of the latter group had to go through a process of denazification and some were subjected to the Nuremberg process. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ex-Nazis"
The First Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Primera República de Venezuela) was founded by Simón de Bolívar in 1811 during the Latin American wars of independence from Spain. The republic was notable for being the first Spanish-American Colony to declare its independance ...more on Wikipedia about "First Republic of Venezuela"
A forced disappearance occurs when an organization forces a person to vanish from public view, either by murder or by simple sequestration. The victim is first kidnapped, then illegally detained in camps, often tortured, and finally assassinated and its corpse hidden. In Spanish, "disappeared people" are called "desaparecidos", a term which specifically refers to the (mostly) South American victims of state terrorism during the 1970s and the 1980s, in particular concerning operation Condor. ...more on Wikipedia about "Forced disappearance"
Fray Martín de Murúa, Spanish Dominican Friar and chronicler, was a missionary in Peru during the XVI and XVII centuries, carrying out his mission in the proximities of Lake Titicaca and Cuzco, where he came to know some features of the primitive inhabitants of the Tahuantinsuyu (Inca Empire) very well. In addition to his evangelistic work, he was devoted to the task of gathering data to write a history of the Incan past which, in 1613, he entitled Historia general del Perú. It is considered Peru's earliest illustrated chronicle of its prehispanic and early post-Spanish conquest history. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fray Martín de Murúa"
Henry Alfred Kissinger (born May 27, 1923 in Fürth, Germany, as Heinz Alfred Kissinger) is a Jewish-American diplomat and statesman. He served as National Security Advisor and later Secretary of State in the Nixon administration, continuing in the latter position after Gerald Ford became President in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal. ...more on Wikipedia about "Henry Kissinger"
See also: Government of the Río de la Plata, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, May Revolution ...more on Wikipedia about "History of Argentina"
This is the history of Bolivia. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of Bolivia"
This is the history of Colombia. See also history of South America and the history of present-day nations and states. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of Colombia"
This is the history of Ecuador. See also the history of South America and the history of present-day nations and states. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of Ecuador"
In 1852 the first shiploads of chained convicts arrived from France. In 1885, to get rid of habitual criminals and to increase the number of colonists, the French Parliament passed a law that anyone, male or female, who had more than three sentences for theft of more than three months each, would be sent to French Guiana as a "relégué." These relégués were to be kept in prison there for six months but then freed to become settlers in the colony. However, this experiment was a dismal failure. The prisoners were unable to make a living off the land and so were forced to revert again to crime, or to eke out a hand-to-mouth existence until they died. In fact, being sent to French Guiana as a relégué was a life sentence, and usually a short life sentence, as most of the relégués died very quickly from disease and malnutrition. The prisoners would arrive at St-Laurent du Maroni before being transported to various camps throughout the country. The Iles du Salut were used to house political prisoners and for solitary confinement. The islands became notorious for the brutality of life there, centering around the notorious Devils Island. Famous political figures to be sent to the islands included Alfred Dreyfus and Henri Charrière, who managed escape. He later wrote a best-selling book about his experiences called Papillon. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of French Guiana"
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