History of astronomy History of astronomy Almagest is the Latin form of the Arabic name (al-kitabu-l-mijisti, i.e. "The Great Book") of an astronomical/ astrological treatise proposing the complex motions of the stars and planetary paths, originally written in Greek as μαθηματικἠ σύνταξις (Mathematike Syntaxis, "Mathematical Treatise"; later titled Hè Megalè Syntaxis, "The Great Treatise") by Ptolemy of Alexandria, Egypt. The date of Almagest has recently been more precisely established. Ptolemy set up a public inscription at Canopus in Egypt in 147/148 C.E. The late N. T. Hamilton found that the version of Ptolemy's models set out in the Canopic Inscription was earlier than the version in Almagest. Hence Almagest cannot have been completed before about C.E. 150, a quarter century after Ptolemy began observing ** . Its geocentric model was accepted as correct for over a thousand years in Arab and European societies. ...more on Wikipedia about "Almagest"
An armillary sphere (also known as a spherical astrolabe, armilla, or armil) is a model of the celestial sphere, invented by Eratosthenes in 255 BC. ...more on Wikipedia about "Armillary sphere"
Astronomia nova (A new astronomy), written by Johannes Kepler and published in 1609, set out the evidence for what came to be known as Kepler's laws of planetary motion. This book contained (in somewhat different form) the first two laws: ...more on Wikipedia about "Astronomia nova"
Book of Silk was an ancient astronomy book made by Chinese astonomers aournd 400 B.C. and was found in a tomb in China in 1973. It lists 29 comets (referred to as broom stars), which is a collective history of about 300 years. ...more on Wikipedia about "Book of Silk"
Carte du Ciel ("Map of the Sky") was an international project to map the positions of millions of stars — that is to say, of all stars to the 11th or 12th magnitude. In English, the project was sometimes known as the Astrographic Chart. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carte du Ciel"
(Chinese astronomy) The book Gan Shi Xing Jing (甘石星经) of the Warring States Period ( 403 BC to 221 BC) is the earliest catalog of stars in the world. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chinese astronomy"
Christopher Clavius, ( March 25, 1538 – February 12, 1612) was a German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer who was the main architect of the modern Gregorian calendar. In his last years he was probably the most respected astronomer in Europe and his textbooks were used for astronomical education for over fifty years in Europe and even in more remote lands (on account of being used by missionaries). ...more on Wikipedia about "Christopher Clavius"
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( English: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Polish: O obrotach sfer niebieskich) is the seminal work on heliocentric theory and the masterpiece of the great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. The book set out to offer an alternative model of the universe to the Ptolemaic system. Copernicus began to write it in 1506 and finished it in 1530, but did not publish it until the year of his death, in 1543. ...more on Wikipedia about "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium"
De sphaera mundi ( Latin meaning Of the Spheres of Worlds, sometimes rendered The Sphere of the Cosmos; the Latin title is also given as Tractatus de sphaera, or simply De sphaera) is a medieval astronomy textbook written by Johannes de Sacrobosco c. 1230. Based heavily on Ptolemy’s Almagest, and drawing additional ideas from Arab astronomers, it was one of the most influential works of pre- Copernican astronomy in Europe. ...more on Wikipedia about "De sphaera mundi"
In the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the epicycle (literally: on the cycle in Greek) was a geometric model to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the Moon, Sun, and planets. It was designed by Apollonius of Perga at the end of the 3rd century BC. In particular it explained retrograde motion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Deferent and epicycle"
The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) was Galileo's comparison of the Copernican system, in which the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, with the traditional Ptolemaic system, in which everything in the Universe circles around the Earth. The book was published in Florence in 1632 under a formal license from the Inquisition. In 1633 Galileo was convicted of "grave suspicion of heresy" based on the book, which was then placed on the Index of forbidden books, from which it was not removed until 1822. In an action that was not announced at the time, the publication of anything else he had written or ever might write was also banned. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems"
Erasmus Reinhold ( October 22, 1511 – February 19, 1553) was a German astronomer and mathematician. He was born and died in Saalfeld, Thuringia, Germany. ...more on Wikipedia about "Erasmus Reinhold"
Franz Tengnagel was the son-in-law and assistant of Tycho Brahe. Tengnagel wrote the preface to Johannes Kepler's astronomical treatise Harmonices Mundi. ...more on Wikipedia about "Franz Tengnagel"
Galileo Galilei ( Pisa, February 15 1564 – Arcetri, January 8 1642), was an Italian physicist, astronomer, and philosopher who is closely associated with the scientific revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first law of motion and the second law of motion, and effective support for Copernicanism. He has been referred to as the " father of modern astronomy," as the "father of modern physics," and as "father of science." His experimental work is widely considered complementary to the writings of Francis Bacon in establishing the modern scientific method. Galileo's career coincided with that of Johannes Kepler. The work of Galileo is considered to be a significant break from that of Aristotle. In addition, his conflict with the Roman Catholic Church is taken as a major early example of the conflict of authority and freedom of thought, particularly with science, in Western society. ...more on Wikipedia about "Galileo Galilei"
shortopedia rocks. History_of_astronomy
The geocentric model (in Greek: geo = Earth and centron = center) of the universe is a paradigm which places the Earth at its center. Common in ancient Greece after the discovery of the approximately spherical shape of Earth, it was believed by both Aristotle and Ptolemy. Most Greeks assumed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets orbit Earth. Similar ideas were held in ancient China. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geocentric model"
Harmonice Mundi ( 1619) is a book by Johannes Kepler. It attempts to explain proportions and geometry in planetary motions by relating them to musical scales and intervals. ...more on Wikipedia about "Harmonice Mundi"
In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe and/or the Solar System. The word is derived from the Greek ( Helios = "Sun" and kentron = "Center"). Historically, heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism and currently to modern geocentrism, which places the earth at the center. (The distinction between the Solar System and the Universe was not clear until modern times, but extremely important relative to the controversy over cosmology and religion.) In the 16th and 17th centuries, when the theory was revived and defended by Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler, it became the center of a major dispute. ...more on Wikipedia about "Heliocentrism"
The Hindu Astronomy is one of the ancient astronomical systems of the world. It is sometimes considered a controversial subject, because some scholars argue that it shows a higher antiquity of the Vedic culture as generally assumed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hindu Astronomy"
See also: Hindu astronomy ...more on Wikipedia about "History of astronomy"
(List of astronomers) Famous astronomers and astrophysicists include: ...more on Wikipedia about "List of astronomers"
Stay cool with www.shortopedia.com. History_of_astronomy
An astrophysicist is a person who professionally studies and conducts research in astrophysics. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of astrophysicists"
Nicolaus Copernicus ( February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was an astrologer, astronomer, mathematician, administrator and economist. His greatest legacy is the development of a scientifically-useful heliocentric ( Sun-centered) theory of the solar system. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nicolaus Copernicus"
The personal equation, in 19th- and early 20th-century science, referred to the idea that every individual observer had an inherent bias when it came to measurements and observations. ...more on Wikipedia about "Personal equation"
The Ptolemaic system was a model to explain the motions of the heavens in which the earth was the centre of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it, espoused by Claudius Ptolemaeus in his work, the Almagest some time around the 2nd century, A.D., and accepted for over 1,000 years by the vast majority of Europeans to be the correct cosmological model. It may be also called the geocentric model. It was overthrown by the Copernican revolution after Galileo Galilei and Copernicus discovered that the planets orbited the sun. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ptolemaic system"
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the Wikipedia . Direct links to the original articles are in the text.
If you use exact copy or modified of this article you should preserve above paragraph and put also : It uses material from
the Shortopedia article about "History of astronomy".
| MAIN PAGE | MAIN INDEX | CONTACT US |