History of climate History of climate The Allerød is a warm, moist Blytt-Sernander period named after a type site in Allerød municipality in Sjælland, Denmark (near Copenhagen), where deposits created during the period were first identified and published in 1901 by Hartz and Milthers. The Allerød corresponds to Pollen zone 2. ...more on Wikipedia about "Allerød Oscillation"
The Anglian glaciation is a name for an ice age period which occurred between 450,000 and 300,000 years ago. The name is used by British geologists and archaeologists who named it after the region of East Anglia where most of the deposits it created have been found. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anglian glaciation"
The Beestonian stage is the name for an early Pleistocene glacial stage used in the British Isles. It preceded the Cromerian interglacial and is therefore in a similar sequential position to the Nebraskan glaciation in North America, the Günz glaciation in the Alps and the Eburonian glaciation in north Europe. It is named after Beeston Cliffs near West Runton in Norfolk where deposits from the period are preserved. ...more on Wikipedia about "Beestonian stage"
The Bramertonian interglacial is the name for an early Pleistocene glacial stage used in the British Isles. It preceded the Pre-Pastonian glaciation and followed the Baventian stage at the end of the Pliocene era. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bramertonian Interglacial"
The Bull Lake Glaciation is a glacial period that began roughly 200,000 years ago and ended 130,000 years ago when several large sheets of ice moved down the Buffalo River valley from the north and from the Tetons in the west. The name Bull Lake Glaciation itself is derived from the well-preserved moraines found in the vicinity of Bull Lake near the Wind River Mountains. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bull Lake Glaciation"
The Cambrian-Ordovician extinction event occurred approximately 488 million years ago. It was the first major extinction event and eliminated many brachiopods, conodonts, and severely reduced the number of trilobite species. The Cambrian-Ordovician event ended the Cambrian period, and created the Ordovician period in the Paleozoic era. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events"
In a 1999 book, David Keys, supported by work of the American volcanologist Ken Wohletz, suggested that the Indonesian volcano Krakatoa exploded at the time and caused the changes (it is suggested that an eruption of Krakatoa attributed to the year 416 by the Javanese Book of Kings actually took place at this time - there is no other evidence of such an eruption in 416). He further speculated that the climate changes may have contributed to various developments, such as the emergence of bubonic plague (the Plague of Justinian), the migration of Mongolian tribes towards the West, the end of the Persian empire, the rise of Islam and the end of various civilizations in Central and South America. PBS based a documentary, Catastrophe!, on Keys and Wohletz' ideas. These ideas are not widely accepted at this point. ...more on Wikipedia about "Climate changes of 535–536"
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The Cromerian interglacial is a name for an interglacial period which occurred between 600,000 and 450,000 years ago. The name is used by British geologists and archaeologists who named it after the site of West Runton near Cromer in the English county of Norfolk where deposits it created were first found. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cromerian interglacial"
The Dalton Minimum was a period of low solar activity, lasting from about 1790 to 1820. Like the Maunder Minimum and Sporer Minimum it coincided with a period of lower than average global temperatures. Low solar activity seems to be strongly correlated with global cooling, although the mechanism by which solar activity causes climate change is not well understood. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dalton Minimum"
The Eemian interglacial era (known as the Sangamon era in North America, the Ipswichian interglacial in the UK, and the Riss-Würm interglacial in the Alps) is the second-to-latest interglacial era of the Ice Age. It began about 131,000 years ago. Changes in orbital parameters from today (greater obliquity and eccentricity, and perihelion occurring in Northern-hemisphere summer) lead to a greater seasonal cycle in temperature. The Eemian climate is believed to have been about as stable as the Holocene (see ice core), though warmer. The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape (now tundra) in northern Norway. Hardwood trees like hazel and oak grew as far north as Oulu, Finland. Sea levels at that time were 5-8 meters higher than they were now, possibly indicating greater deglaciation than today (mostly from partial melting of the ice sheet of Greenland).( Aber 2004 ) Scandinavia was an island due to the inundation of vast areas of northern Europe and the West Siberian Plain. ...more on Wikipedia about "Eemian interglacial"
The faint young sun paradox describes the apparent contradiction between observations of liquid water early in Earth's history and the astrophysical expectation that the sun's output would be only 70% as intense during that epoch as it is during the modern epoch. ...more on Wikipedia about "Faint young sun paradox"
This article is devoted to temperature changes in Earth's environment as determined from geologic evidence on multi-million to billion (109) year time scales. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geologic temperature record"
Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The term is also used for the scientific theory of anthropogenic global warming, which attributes much of the recently observed and projected global warming to a human-induced intensification of the greenhouse effect. On this theory, the increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released mainly by the burning of fossil fuels, and, to a lesser extent, land clearing and agriculture, are the primary sources of warming. The natural greenhouse effect keeps the Earth 30 ° C warmer than it otherwise would be; adding carbon dioxide to an atmosphere, with no other changes, will make a planet's surface warmer. Current research is attempting to find out more details about the processes and factors that would affect a temperature increase especially about positive and negative feedback mechanisms, to allow a more precise quantification of the effects of global warming. ...more on Wikipedia about "Global warming"
Global warming describes an increase over time of the average global temperature at the surface of the Earth, which has risen by 0.6 ± 0.2°C ** since the late 19th century. Global warming theories attempt to account for the rise and assess the extent to which the effects are due to human causes. Most of the warming of the last 50 years is attributed to increases in the greenhouse effect caused by human-generated carbon dioxide (CO2); solar variability and other natural causes also play a role. ...more on Wikipedia about "Global warming/Global warming (simplified)" Good to know http://www.shortopedia.com. History_of_climate
The Holocene Climate Optimum was a warm period during roughly the interval 9,000 to 5,000 years B.P.. This event has also been known by many other names, including: Hypisthermal, Altithermal, Climatic Optimum, Holocene Optimum, Holocene Thermal Maximum, and Holocene Megathermal. ...more on Wikipedia about "Holocene climatic optimum"
The Hoxnian interglacial (and is analogous to the Yarmouth interglacial in North America, the Holstein interglacial in northern Europe and the Mindel-Riss interglacial in the Alps) is a name for an interglacial period which occurred between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago. It is in the Pleistocene stage of the Quaternary period. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hoxnian interglacial"
An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers (" glaciation"). Glaciologically, ice age is often used to mean a period of ice sheets in the northern and southern hemispheres; by this definition we are still in an ice age (because the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist). More colloquially, when speaking of the last few million years, ice age is used to refer to colder periods with extensive ice sheets over the North American and European continents: in this sense, the last ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. This article will use the term ice age in the former, glaciological, sense; and use the term 'glacial periods' for colder periods during ice ages and 'interglacial' for the warmer periods. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ice age"
The instrumental temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans since the invention of thermometers. A quasi-global record exists since about 1850. See also temperature record. ...more on Wikipedia about "Instrumental temperature record"
The Kansan Glaciation (known in UK as the Anglian glaciation and sometimes referred to as the Illinoian Glaciation, Elster glaciation in northern Europe and the Mindel glaciation in the Alps) was a severe glacial period in the Pleistocene. The Kansan Glaciation is generally taken as covering the period between 410,000 and 380,000 years before the present. However, with the increasing evidence that glacial maxima are shorter than previously thought, its peak is not clearly known. It is considered that the Kansan Glaciation marks the absolute maximum extent of continental ice sheets in the Quaternary. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kansan Glaciation"
The Last Glacial Maximum refers to the time of maximum extent of the ice sheets during the last glaciation, approximately 21 thousand years ago. At this time, all of Northern Europe, almost all of Canada and the northern half of the West Siberian Plain were covered by huge ice sheets extending roughly to the southern boundary of the Great Lakes in North America and to a line from the mouth of the Rhine River through Kraków, Moscow up to the mouth of the Anabar River in Russia. ...more on Wikipedia about "Last Glacial Maximum"
The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling lasting approximately from the 14th to the mid- 19th centuries, although there is no generally agreed start or end date: some confine the period to 1550-1850. This cooler period occurs after a warmer era known as the Medieval climate optimum. There were three minima, beginning about 1650, about 1770, and 1850, each separated by slight warming intervals ** . ...more on Wikipedia about "Little Ice Age"
Marine isotopic stages (MIS) are alternating warm and cool periods in the Earth's palaeoclimate, deduced from oxygen isotope data reflecting temperature curves derived from data from deep sea core samples. ...more on Wikipedia about "Marine isotopic stage"
The Maunder Minimum is the name given to the period roughly from 1645 to 1715 A.D., when sunspots became exceedingly rare, as noted by solar observers of the time. It is named after the later solar astronomer E.W. Maunder who discovered the dearth of sunspots during that period by studying records from those years. During one 30-year period within the Maunder Minimum, for example, astronomers observed only about 50 sunspots, as opposed to a more typical 40,000–50,000 spots. ...more on Wikipedia about "Maunder Minimum"
The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) or Medieval Climate Optimum was an unusually warm period during the European Medieval period, lasting from about the 10th century to about the 14th century. It has been argued a better name would be the Medieval Climatic Anomaly. The MWP is often involved in controversial discussions of global warming and the greenhouse effect. ...more on Wikipedia about "Medieval Warm Period"
Milankovitch cycles is the name given to the collective effect of changes in the Earth's movements upon its climate. The eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession of the Earth's orbit vary in several patterns, resulting in 100,000 year ice age cycles of the Quaternary glaciation over the last few million years. The Earth's axis completes one full cycle of precession approximately every 26,000 years. At the same time the elliptical orbit rotates, more slowly, leading to a 22,000 years cycle in the equinoxes. In addition, the Earth's tilt relative to the Sun changes between 21.5 degrees to 24.5 degrees and back again on a 41,000 year cycle. The Earth's axis today is tilted 23.5 degrees relative to the normal to the plane of the ecliptic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Milankovitch cycles" Please inform your friends about http://www.shortopedia.com
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