History of earth science History of earth science Catastrophism is the theory that Earth has been affected by sudden, short-lived, violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope. The dominant paradigm of geology has been gradualism, but a more inclusive and integrated view of geologic events has developed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Catastrophism"
Deep time is the concept of geologic time first recognized by James Hutton in the late 1700s that Earth is very old. In Hutton's words, that we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end. Later discoveries by physicists and geologists have established the age of the Earth as billions of years old with an exceedingly long history of development and change. The comprehension of geologic history and the history of life requires an understanding of deep time which is not easily grasped without deep thought and study. Deep time contrasts with creationism and other creation mythologies which view Earth history as occupying only a few thousands of years. ...more on Wikipedia about "Deep time"
Environmental determinism is the theory that a peoples physical, mental and moral habits are directly due to the influence of their natural environment. Prominent environmental determinists included Carl Ritter, Ellen Churchill Semple, and Ellsworth Huntington. Popular hypotheses included "heat makes inhabitants of the tropics lazy" and "frequent changes in barometric pressure make inhabitants of temperate latitudes more intellectually agile." Environmental determinist geographers attempted to make the study of such influences scientific. Around the 1930s, this school of thought was widely repudiated as lacking any basis and being prone to (often bigoted) generalizations. Environmental determinism remains an embarrassment to many contemporary geographers, and leads to skepticism among many of them of claims of environmental influence on culture (such as the theories of Jared Diamond). ...more on Wikipedia about "History of geography"
Natural history is an umbrella term for what are now usually viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines. Most definitions include the study of living things (e.g. biology, including botany and zoology); other definitions extend the topic to include paleontology, ecology or biochemistry, as well as parts of geology, astronomy, and physics and even meteorology. A person interested in natural history is known as a naturalist. This was predominantly an amateur activity and not an occupation. The rise of interest in natural history in Britain is linked with the tradition of herbalists and apothecarians. This grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds, butterflies and wildflowers. ...more on Wikipedia about "Natural history"
Neptunism is a discredited and obsolete scientific theory of geology proposed by Abraham Werner in the late 18th century that proposed rocks formed from the crystallisation of minerals in the early Earth's oceans. ...more on Wikipedia about "Neptunism"
(Plutonism) Plutonic theory is the geologic theory proposed around the turn of the 19th century that volcanic activity was the source of rocks on the surface of the Earth. It was named for Pluto, the ancient name for the ancient Roman god of the underworld. The theory was proposed by James Hutton. This replaced Abraham Werner's Neptunism theory, which claimed that rocks had originated from a great flood and were basically sedimentary in origin ...more on Wikipedia about "Plutonism"
Timeline of geology: see also geologic time scale. ...more on Wikipedia about "Timeline of geology"
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