History of ideas

An academy is an institution for the study of (usually) higher learning. ...more on Wikipedia about "Academy"

The aether drag hypothesis was an early attempt to explain the way experiments such as Arago's experiment showed that the speed of light is constant. The aether drag hypothesis is now considered to be incorrect by mainstream science. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aether drag hypothesis"

The age of the Earth is estimated to be 4.55 billion (4.55 × 10⁹) years, based on detailed scientific evidence. This estimate represents a compromise between the oldest known terrestrial minerals – small crystals of zircon from the Jack hills of Western Australia – and astronomers' and planetologists' estimates of the age of the solar system. The radiometric age dating evidence from the zircons further confirms that the Earth is at least 4.404 billion years old. Comparing the mass and luminosity of the Sun to the multitudes of other stars, it appears that the solar system can not be much older than those rocks. Ca-Al-rich inclusions – the oldest known solid constituents within meteorites which are formed within the solar system – are 4.567 billion years old, giving an age for the solar system and an upper limit for the age of the Earth. It is assumed that the accretion of the Earth began soon after the formation of the Ca-Al-rich inclusions and the meteorites. Since the accretion time of the Earth is not exactly known yet and the predictions from different accretion models vary between several millions up to about one hundred million years, the exact age of the Earth is difficult to define. ...more on Wikipedia about "Age of the Earth"

An Essay on the Principle of Population was first published anonymously in 1798. The author was soon identified as the Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. ...more on Wikipedia about "An Essay on the Principle of Population"

In natural philosophy, atomism is the theory that all the objects in the universe are composed of very small, indestructible elements. Or, stated in other words, all of reality is made of indivisible basic building blocks. The word atomism derives from the ancient Greek word atomos which means "that which cannot be cut into smaller pieces". ...more on Wikipedia about "Atomism"

There are two different understandings of Leibniz's Calculus Ratiocinator in the history of ideas. ...more on Wikipedia about "Calculus ratiocinator"

The caloric theory of heat is an obsolete scientific theory in thermodynamics, developed mostly during the 18th and 19th centuries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Caloric theory" It's time to think about www.shortopedia.com.

The Chaldean Oracles that are embodied in fragmentary texts of the 2nd century AD consist mainly of Hellenistic commentary on a single mystery-poem that was believed to have originated in Chaldea ( Babylon), but had been re-rendered as a syncretic combination of neo-Platonic elements with others that were Persian or Babylonian in origin. Later neo-Platonists, such as Proclus, rated them highly. The 4th-century Emperor Julian suggests in his Hymn to the Magna Mater that he was an initiate of the God of the Seven Rays, and was an adept of its teachings. When Christian Church Fathers or other Late Antique writers credit "the Chaldeans", it is generally to this tradition they are referring. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chaldean Oracles"

Conservation of energy is possibly the most important, and certainly the most practically useful of several conservation laws in physics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Conservation of energy"

In the history of ideas, the Counter-Enlightenment is a name first given by Isaiah Berlin to describe currents of thought that opposed the rationalist and liberal ideals of the Enlightenment. Berlin's project in a series of essays was the critical recovery of the ideas of Giambattista Vico, Johann Georg Hamann (whom Berlin virtually rediscovered in the essay The Magus of the North: J. G. Hamann and the origins of modern irrationalism), and Johann Gottfried Herder, and an account of their appeal, so foreign to the Enlightenment, and their 19th- and 20th-century consequences. For Berlin and modern historians, the Counter-Enlightenment embodies a pluralist vision, accepting the fundamental irreconcilability of cultural values and their ineradicable conflicts with rationalism, as well as the conflicts within Romanticism, irrationalism, mysticism, and neo-Medieval forms of religious thought. ...more on Wikipedia about "Counter-Enlightenment"

The word culture, from the Latin colere, with its root meaning "to cultivate", generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Different definitions of "culture" reflect different theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Anthropologists most commonly use the term "culture" to refer to the universal human capacity to classify, codify and communicate their experiences symbolically. This capacity is taken as a defining feature of the genus Homo, though Jane Goodall (The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior, 1986) identified aspects of culture among our closest relatives. ...more on Wikipedia about "Culture"

In religion, folklore, and mythology a demon or demoness is a supernatural being that has generally been described as a malevolent spirit but outside Christian circles was viewed as a sort of elemental spirit: compare daemon and djinn. A demon is frequently depicted as a force that may be conjured and insecurely controlled. The "good" demon in recent use is largely a literary device (eg: Maxwell's demon). In common language, "demonizing" one's opponent is an aspersion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Demon"

The doctrine of signatures refers to two individual though related concepts in Christian European metaphysics, whose origins lay in the ancient reading of auspices and other omens of the gods' will in Antiquity, and which similarly bears upon the meaningfulness of resemblances. The major usage is a doctrine that the Creator had so set his mark upon Creation, that by careful observation one could find all right doctrine represented (see the detailed application to the Passionflower) and even learn the uses of a plant from some aspect of its form or place of growing. ...more on Wikipedia about "Doctrine of signatures"

The family as a model for the organization of the state is a theory in political philosophy. It either explains the structure of certain kinds of state in terms of the structure of the family (as a model or as a claim about the historical growth of the state), or it attempts to justify certain types of state by appeal to the structure of the family. The first writer to use it (certainly in any clear and developed way) was Aristotle, who argued that the natural progression of human beings was from the family via small communities to the polis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Family as a model for the state"

In traditional medicine practiced before the advent of modern technology, the four humours (or four humors) were four fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health. An imbalance in the distribution of these fluids was thought to affect each individual's personality. The concept was developed by ancient Greek thinkers around 400 BC and was directly linked with another popular theory of the four elements ( Empedocles). Paired qualities were associated with each humour and its season. The four humours, their corresponding elements, seasons and sites of formation, and resulting temperaments alongside their modern equivalents are: ...more on Wikipedia about "Four humours"

François Bernier ( 1625 – 1688) was a French physician and traveller, born at Joué-Etiau / Anjou. He was physician for 12 years to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, and published Travels. ...more on Wikipedia about "François Bernier"

The geocentric model (in Greek: geo = Earth and centron = center) of the universe is a paradigm which places the Earth at its center. Common in ancient Greece after the discovery of the approximately spherical shape of Earth, it was believed by both Aristotle and Ptolemy. Most Greeks assumed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets orbit Earth. Similar ideas were held in ancient China. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geocentric model"

The germ theory of disease, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. Although highly controversial when first proposed, it is now a cornerstone of modern medicine and clinical microbiology, leading to such important innovations as antibiotics and hygienic practices. ...more on Wikipedia about "Germ theory of disease"

The Great Chain of Being is a classical and western medieval conception of the order of the universe, whose chief characteristic is a strict hierarchal system. ...more on Wikipedia about "Great chain of being"

In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe and/or the Solar System. The word is derived from the Greek ( Helios = "Sun" and kentron = "Center"). Historically, heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism and currently to modern geocentrism, which places the earth at the center. (The distinction between the Solar System and the Universe was not clear until modern times, but extremely important relative to the controversy over cosmology and religion.) In the 16th and 17th centuries, when the theory was revived and defended by Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler, it became the center of a major dispute. ...more on Wikipedia about "Heliocentrism"

Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a "theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the catholic or orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox. By extension, [heresy is an] opinion or doctrine in philosophy, politics, science, art, etc., at variance with those generally accepted as authoritative." ...more on Wikipedia about "Heresy"

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The history of creationism is tied to the history of religions. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Christians found their accounts of creation to be in conflict with empirical observations of natural history from scientific inquiry. While the term creationism was not in common use before the late 19th century, creationists consider their primary source to be the ancient Hebrew text describing creation according to Genesis and see themselves as being the philosophical and religious offspring of the traditions that held that text sacred. The biblical account of history, cosmology and natural history was believed by Jews, Christians and Muslims and its accuracy was unquestioned through the Medieval period. Most people in Europe, the middle east and other areas of the Islamic world believed that a supreme being had existed and would exist eternally, and that everything else in existence had been created by this supreme being, known variously as God, Yahweh, or Allah. This belief was based on the authority of Genesis, the Qu'ran, and other ancient histories, which were held to be historically accurate and no systematic or scientific inquiry was made into the validity of the text. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of creationism"

The history of evolutionary thought has a long history since the idea of biological evolution has existed since ancient times, but the modern theory wasn't established until the 18th and 19th centuries, with scientists such as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin. Darwin greatly emphasized the difference between his two main points: establishing the fact of evolution, and proposing the theory of natural selection to explain the mechanism of evolution. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of evolutionary thought"

The history of ideas is a field of research in history and in related fields dealing with the expression, preservation, and change of human ideas over time. Scholars often consider the history of ideas a sister discipline to, or a particular approach within, intellectual history. Work in the history of ideas usually involves close research in the history of philosophy and the history of literature. Recently some colleges and universities, such as Pitzer College and the University of Washington have begun to offer undergraduate degrees in this field. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of ideas"

The history of the scientific method is indivisible from the history of science itself. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of the scientific method"

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