History of mathematics History of mathematics Ampheck, from Greek 'double-edged', is a term coined by Charles Sanders Peirce for either one of the pair of logically dual operators, variously referred to as Peirce arrows, Sheffer strokes, or NAND and NNOR. Either of these logical operators is a sole sufficient operator for deriving or generating all of the other operators in what is variously called the subject matter of boolean functions, propositional calculus, sentential calculus, or zeroth order logic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ampheck"
The Analytical Society was a group of individuals in early- 19th century Britain whose aim was to promote the use of Leibnizian or analytical calculus as opposed to Newtonian calculus. The latter system came into being in the 18th century as an invention of Sir Isaac Newton, and was in use throughout Great Britain for political rather than practical reasons. The Newtonian system of fluxions and fluents proved cumbersome to use, and less flexible and usable than Leibnizian calculus, which was used by the rest of Europe. ...more on Wikipedia about "Analytical Society"
The Archimedes Palimpsest ** is a palimpsest on parchment in the form of a codex which originally was a copy of an otherwise unknown work of the ancient mathematician, physicist, and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse and other authors. Archimedes lived in the third century BC, but the copy was made in the 10th century by an anonymous scribe. In the 12th century the codex was unbound and washed, in order that the parchment leaves could be folded in half and reused for a Christian liturgical text. It was a book of nearly 90 pages before being made a palimpsest of 177 pages; the older leaves folded so that each became two leaves of the liturgical book. Fortunately, the erasure was incomplete, and Archimedes' work is now readable using digital processing of ultraviolet and visible light. ...more on Wikipedia about "Archimedes Palimpsest"
The arithmetization of analysis was a research program in the foundations of mathematics carried out in the second half of the 19th century. Its main proponent was Weierstrass, who argued the geometric foundations of calculus were not solid enough for rigorous work. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arithmetization of analysis"
During the latter part of the 1950s, the foundations of algebraic geometry were being rewritten; and it is here that the origins of the topos concept are to be found. At that time the Weil conjectures were an outstanding motivation to research. As we now know, the route towards their proof, and other advances, lay in the construction of étale cohomology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Background and genesis of topos theory"
The Bateman Manuscript Project was a major effort at collation and encyclopedic compilation of the mathematical theory of special functions. It resulted in the eventual publication of five important reference volumes, under the editorship of Arthur Erdélyi. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bateman Manuscript Project"
Knowledge of Chinese mathematics before 100 BC is somewhat fragmentary, but there are elements that seem consistent. For one Chinese mathematics in early times was strongly related to astronomy and perfecting the calendar. Hence many of the earliest texts also deal with astronomy. For another it's view of "proof" was slightly different. Many works simply listed equation and a proof was hinted at rather than shown. In other cases a proof was shown, but declared to be an established method after some fashion. This makes dating the use of certain mathematical methods in Chinese history problematic and disputed. Arguments for and against the Chinese discovering Pythagorean theorem, for example, have at times been heated. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chinese mathematics" It's time to think about shortopedia. shortopedia
(Controversy over Cantor's Theory) * That the concept of "having the same number" can be captured by the idea of one-one correlation. This (purely definitional) assumption is sometimes known as Hume's principle. Cantor argues (1883 §1) that every well-defined set has a determinate power, and that two sets have the same power if they can be correlated with one another, element for element. As Frege says, "If a waiter wishes to be certain of laying exactly as many knives on a table as plates, he has no need to count either of them; all he has to do is to lay immediately to the right of every plate a knife, taking care that every knife on the table lies immediately to the right of a plate. Plates and knives are thus correlated one to one" (1884, tr. 1953, §70). ...more on Wikipedia about "Controversy over Cantor's Theory"
Egyptian mathematics refers to the style and methods of mathematics performed by scribes in Ancient Egypt, deriving in large part from the rare discoveries of ancient papyri: in particular, the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, dating from the Second Intermediate Period (though it is a copy of a now lost Middle Kingdom papyrus), and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, both of which appear to be mathematics textbooks. ...more on Wikipedia about "Egyptian mathematics"
An entitative graph is an element of the graphical syntax for logic that Charles Sanders Peirce developed under the name of qualitative logic in the 1880's, taking the coverage of the formalism only as far as the propositional or sentential aspects of logic are concerned. ...more on Wikipedia about "Entitative graph"
In the mathematics of the nineteenth century, the interest in the foundations of mathematics led to what could be called a professional view of the arithmetization of analysis; and a further question about generating arithmetic from more primitive concepts. That is, the status of arithmetic, based on the natural numbers, became a kind of middle term in the foundational debate. The statement of the Peano axioms can be seen in retrospect as closing a chapter on the status of arithmetic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Foundational status of arithmetic"
The Galley method, also known as the batello or the scratch method, was the most widely used method of division in use prior to 1600. The names galea and batello refer to a boat which the outline of the work was thought to resemble. ...more on Wikipedia about "Galley division"
Greek mathematics, as that term is used in this article, is the mathematics developed from the 6th century BC to the 5th century AD around the shores of the Mediterranean. It constitutes a major period of the history of mathematics, fundamental in respect of geometry and the idea of formal proof. Greek mathematics also contributed importantly to ideas on number theory, mathematical analysis, applied mathematics, and, at times, approached close to integral calculus. Mathematical developments took place in Greek-speaking centres as far apart as Sicily and Egypt, and with a high estimation of the intellectual and cultural status of mathematics (for example in the school of Plato). ...more on Wikipedia about "Greek mathematics"
In mathematics, Alexander Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique was a unique phenomenon of research and publication outside of the main mathematical journals, reporting on work done starting from 1960 and centred on the IHÉS near Paris (the official title was the seminar of Bois Marie, the small wood on the estate in Bures-sur-Yvette where the IHÉS is located). The seminar notes were eventually published in around 15 volumes, almost all in the Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics series. ...more on Wikipedia about "Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique" shortopedia - Go in quickly.
Hilbert's problems are a list of twenty-three problems in mathematics put forth by German mathematician David Hilbert at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900. The problems were all unsolved at the time, and several of them turned out to be very influential for 20th century mathematics. Hilbert presented ten of the problems (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 19, 21 and 22) at the conference, speaking on 8 August in the Sorbonne; the full list was published later. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hilbert's problems"
See also History of mathematics. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of calculus"
:See Timeline of mathematics for a timeline of events in mathematics. See list of mathematicians for a list of biographies of mathematicians. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of mathematics"
The symbol "π" for Archimedes' constant was first introduced in 1706 by William Jones when he published A New Introduction to Mathematics, although the same symbol had been used earlier to indicate the circumference of a circle. ...more on Wikipedia about "History of Pi"
In mathematics, ideal theory is the theory of ideals in commutative rings; and is the precursor name for the contemporary subject of commutative algebra. The name grew out of the central considerations, such as the Lasker-Noether theorem in algebraic geometry, and the ideal class group in algebraic number theory, of the commutative algebra of the first quarter of the twentieth century. It was used in the influential van der Waerden text on abstract algebra from around 1930. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ideal theory"
The chronology of Indian mathematics spans from the Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1700 BC) and the Vedic period (1500-500 BC) to modern times. ...more on Wikipedia about "Indian mathematics"
In relation with the history of mathematics, the Italian school of algebraic geometry refers to the work over half a century or more (flourishing roughly 1885-1935) done internationally in birational geometry, particularly on algebraic surfaces. There were in the region of 30 to 40 leading mathematicians who made major contributions; about half of those being in fact Italian. There is no question that the leadership fell to the group in Rome of Guido Castelnuovo, Federigo Enriques and Francesco Severi; who were involved in some of the deepest discoveries, as well as setting the style. ...more on Wikipedia about "Italian school of algebraic geometry"
Japanese mathematics or wasan (和算) is a kind of mathematics developed in Japan during Edo Period (1603-1867). Its achievements included some very refined results in integral calculus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Japanese mathematics"
The Kerala School was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava in Kerala (in South India) which included as its prominent members Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. It flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and has its intellectual roots with Aryabhatta who lived in the 5th century. The lineage continues down to modern times but the original research seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri ( 1559- 1632). These astronomers, in attempting to solve problems, invented revolutionary ideas of calculus. They discovered the theory of infinite series, tests of convergence (often attributed to Cauchy), differentiation, term by term integration, iterative methods for solution of non-linear equations, and the theory that the area under a curve is its integral. They achieved most of these results up to several centuries before European mathematicians. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kerala School"
"Kraków School of Mathematics" is the name given to a group of mathematicians at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kraków School of Mathematics"
This is a list of mathematics history topics, by Wikipedia page. See also list of mathematicians, timeline of mathematics, history of mathematics, list of publications in mathematics. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of mathematics history topics" shortopedia never sleeps.
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