History of medicine History of medicine Abu al-Qasim ( 936 - 1013), (Arabic: أبو القاسم) also known as Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi known in the West as Abulcasis, is medieval Islam's most prominent scholar of medicine. His greatest contribution to history is Al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume collection of medical practice. ...more on Wikipedia about "Abu al-Qasim"
The Academy of Gundishapur (in Persian گندیشاپور also Jondishapoor, Jondishapur, and Jondishapour, Gondeshapur, GONDÊ SHÂPÛR, Jund-e Shapur, Jundê-Shâpûr, etc.) was the intellectual center of the Sassanid empire. Its Academy offered training in medicine, philosophy, theology and science. The faculty were versed not only in the Zoroastrian and Persian traditions, but in Greek and Indian learning as well. According to The Cambridge History of Iran, it was the most important medical center of the ancient world (defined as Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Near East) during the 6th and 7th centuries. (Vol 4, p396. ISBN 0521200938). ...more on Wikipedia about "Academy of Gundishapur"
Ibn Al-Nafis (full name, Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi) was born in 1213 in Damascus. He attended the Medical College Hospital (Bimaristan Al-Noori). Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learned jurisprudence, literature and theology. He became an expert on the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence and an expert physician. ...more on Wikipedia about "Al-Nafis"
Al-Razi, (full name Abū Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakarīya al-Rāzi) (ابو بکر الرازی), also known as "Zakaria al-Razi" in Arabic; or in Latin as Rhazes and Rasis. According to al-Biruni born in Rayy, Iran in the year 251AH/ 865AD and died in Rayy, Iran 313AH/ 925AD. ...more on Wikipedia about "Al-Razi"
Al-Tasrif is an influential medieval treatise on medicine, written near the year 1000 CE by Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis). The 30-volume work includes anatomical descriptions, classifications of diseases, and information on nutrition and surgery. In the western world, the book was known by the Latin title Concessio ei data qui componere haud valet. For five centuries, it was an important medical practice guide for doctors and surgeons. ...more on Wikipedia about "Al-Tasrif"
Alfred Blalock ( April 5, 1899 – September 15, 1964) was a 20th century innovator in the field of medical science most noted for his research on the medical condition of shock and the development of the Blalock-Taussig Shunt, surgical relief of the cyanosis from Tetralogy of Fallot--known commonly as the blue baby syndrome--with his assistant Vivien Thomas and pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alfred Blalock"
An anaesthetic vaporiser is a device generally attached to an anaesthetic machine which delivers a given concentration of a volatile anaesthetic agent. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anaesthetic vaporiser"
Andreas R. Gruentzig, 1939-1985, was a German radiologist who first developed successful angioplasty for expanding lumens of narrowed arteries. His first successful angioplasty treatment on a human was performed in 1977, in Zurich, Switzerland. He expanded a short, about 3 mm, non-branching section of the LAD ( Left Anterior Descending) artery (the front branch of the left coronary artery) which supplies the front wall and tip of the heart, aee coronary circulation, which had a high grade stenosis, about 80%, of the lumen. Dr. Gruentzig presented the results of his first four angioplasty cases at the 1977 American Heart Association AHA meeting, which lead to widespread acknowledgement of his pioneering work. ...more on Wikipedia about "Andreas Gruentzig"
Apocroustics, in pre-modern medicine, were medications intended to stop the flux of malignant humours to a diseased part. They were usually cold, astringent, and consisting of large particles. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apocroustic"
Apophlegmatisms, in pre-modern medicine, were medications chewed in order to draw away phlegm and humours from the head and brain. Such treatments were called apophlegmatic. Of this kind, tobacco was considered excellent, except for the damage it does to teeth. Sage was said to have almost the same virtues without the same defects. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apophlegmatism"
Apothecary (pronounced "ah-poth-i-kerry") is a historical name for a medical practitioner who formulates and dispenses materia medica to physicians, surgeons and patients — a role now served by a pharmacist. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apothecary"
Avicenna (Ibn Sina also known as al-Shaykh al-Rais (meaning the Leader among the wise men), in Persian and Arabic: شيخ الرئيس، ابوعلی حسين بن عبدالله بن سينا ), (full name is Abu Ali Husain ebn-e Abdollah Ebn-e Sina-e Balkhi or Pur-Sina or Ebn-e Sina ( 980 - 1037)) was a Muslim Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on a wide range of subjects. Many of these concentrated on philosophy and medicine. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern medicine." George Sarton called Ibn Sina "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." His most famous works are The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, also known as the Qanun (full title: al-qanun fil-tibb). His Latinized name is a anglicization of Ibn Sina, the short name by which he was known in Persia; however, he is most commonly known as Avicenna in the West. ...more on Wikipedia about "Avicenna"
Byzantine medicine drew largely on Ancient Greek and Roman knowledge, tending to compile works into textbooks, such as Paul of Aegina's compendium. However, late antiquity witnessed a revolution in the medical scene, many sources mention hospitals in passing (although their own history can be drawn back to Imperial Rome), and Constantinople doubtless was the center of such activities in the Middle Ages, owing to its geographical position, wealth and accumulated knowledge. Byzantine medical texts tended to be elaborately decorated with many fine illustrations, highlighting the particular ailment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Byzantine medicine"
Sir Charles Blagden FRS ( April 17, 1748– 1820) was a British physician and scientist. ...more on Wikipedia about "Charles Blagden" www.shortopedia.com Dreamteam. History_of_medicine
Chirurgia magna (complete title: Inventarium sive chirurgia magna), completed in 1363, is a guide of surgery and practical medicine. Its title indicates that it is a reference for surgery (chirurgia). Guy de Chauliac, Pope Clement VI's attending physician, compiled the information from his own field experience and research of historical medical texts. The original text is 465 pages in Latin. This work became one of the most important reference manuals of practical medicine for the next three centuries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chirurgia magna"
Medicine is an evolving field as new knowledge is acquired through discoveries in the laboratory and through clinical trials. With the acceptance of evidence-based medicine, some practices that were thought to be standard of care or represent best clinical practice have fallen out of favor as data from randomized clinical trials emerged. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clinical trials with surprising outcomes"
The Edwin Smith papyrus is the world's earliest known medical document, written around 1600 BC, but thought to be based on material from as early as 3000 BC. It is an ancient textbook on trauma surgery, and describes anatomical observations and the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous injuries in exquisite detail. The papyrus contains the first descriptions of the cranial sutures, the meninges, the external surface of the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the intracranial pulsations. The surgical procedures given the Egyptian Edwin Smith papyrus were quite rational given the time period. As well as having a magical incantations against pestilence ** it also contains a prescription for a wrinkle remover using urea, which is still used in face creams today. ...more on Wikipedia about "Edwin Smith papyrus"
Emily Blackwell (1826–1910) was the second woman to earn a medical degree at what is now Case Western Reserve University, and the third woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. ...more on Wikipedia about "Emily Blackwell"
European contact refers to the introduction of European diseases to North America, an event for which an exact date is not known. It is not known whether these new diseases infected small, isolated populations, or whether they died out over time without destroying a large area. Before European contact, there were no American counterparts to the new diseases, such as smallpox. Anthropologists believe they could have been killed off by Arctic temperatures, or that population density was too low, compared to the crowded urban centers of Europe where disease could be transmitted easily. Since Europeans co-existed with their own diseases, many were immune to its effects, but Native American populations were not. Native Americans were killed by the thousands. ...more on Wikipedia about "European Contact"
In Western medicine, female hysteria was an incorrectly diagnosed medical condition that is not currently acknowledged by the medical community. It was a popular diagnosis in the Victorian era for a wide array of symptoms including faintness, nervousness, insomnia, fluid retention, heaviness in abdomen, muscle spasm, shortness of breath, irritability, loss of appetite for food or sex, and a ”tendency to cause trouble” . ...more on Wikipedia about "Female hysteria"
The fermentation theory of disease is the (now obsolete) concept that many diseases, including the diseases which were "epidemic, endemic and contagious," owe their origin to the presence of a "morbific principle" in the system, acting in a manner analogous to, although not identical with, the process of fermentation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fermentation theory" shortopedia Dreamteam.
In traditional medicine practiced before the advent of modern technology, the four humours (or four humors) were four fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health. An imbalance in the distribution of these fluids was thought to affect each individual's personality. The concept was developed by ancient Greek thinkers around 400 BC and was directly linked with another popular theory of the four elements ( Empedocles). Paired qualities were associated with each humour and its season. The four humours, their corresponding elements, seasons and sites of formation, and resulting temperaments alongside their modern equivalents are: ...more on Wikipedia about "Four humours"
Under the ancient medical theory of the four humours, the four temperaments are personality types or moods ascribed to the imbalance of certain bodily fluids in each person. ...more on Wikipedia about "Four temperaments"
The germ theory of disease, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. Although highly controversial when first proposed, it is now a cornerstone of modern medicine and clinical microbiology, leading to such important innovations as antibiotics and hygienic practices. ...more on Wikipedia about "Germ theory of disease"
Guy de Chauliac (1300-1368) was a renowned French surgeon of the 14th century. He was the physician for Pope Clement VI. In Avignon, France, he attended to the Pope and survived an infection of the Black Plague. After the pandemic, he wrote the medical reference Chirurgia magna (1363). ...more on Wikipedia about "Guy de Chauliac"
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