History of neuroscience

Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin ( February 5, 1914 – December 20, 1998) was a British physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Andrew Fielding Huxley on the basis of nerve " action potentials," the electrical impulses that enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system. Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with John Carew Eccles, who was cited for research on synapses. Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to hypothesize ion channels, which were confirmed only decades later. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alan Lloyd Hodgkin"

Rudolph Albert von Kölliker ( July 6, 1817 - November 2, 1905) was a Swiss anatomist and physiologist. ...more on Wikipedia about "Albert von Kölliker"

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta ( February 18, 1745 - March 5, 1827) was an Italian physicist known especially for the development of the electric battery. Late in life, he received the title of Count. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alessandro Volta"

Aloysius "Alois" Alzheimer (b. June 14 1864 in Marktbreit, Bavaria; d. December 19 1915 in Breslau, now Wrocław, Poland) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin who first identified the symptoms of what is now known as Alzheimer's Disease. He observed the disease in a patient he first saw in 1901, and published his findings from his postmortem examination of her brain in 1906. His father served in the office of notary public in the family's hometown. Alzheimer attended Aschaffenburg, Tübingen, Berlin, and Würzburg universities. He received a medical degree at Würzburg University in 1887. In the following year, he spent five months assisting mentally ill women, before he took an office in the city mental asylum in Frankfurt am Main: the Städtische Anstalt für Irre und Epileptische (asylum for lunatics and epileptics). Emil Sioli was the dean of that asylum ( 1852- 1922). Another neurologist, Franz Nissl ( 1860- 1919), began to work in that same asylum with Alzheimer, and they knew each other. Much of Alzheimer's later work on brain pathology made use of Nissl's method of silver staining of the histological sections. Alzheimer was the co-founder and co-publisher of the journal Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. He never wrote a book that he could call his own. He fell ill on the train on the way to the University of Breslau where he had been appointed professor of psychiatry in 1912. Most probably he had a streptococcal infection and subsequent rheumatic fever and kidney failure. He died of heart failure at the age of 51, in Breslau. ...more on Wikipedia about "Alois Alzheimer"

Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley, OM, FRS (born 22 November 1917, Hampstead, London, England, UK) is a British physiologist and biophysicist, who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work with Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the basis of nerve " action potentials," the electrical impulses that enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system. Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with John Carew Eccles, who was cited for research on synapses. Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to hypothesize ion channels, which were confirmed only decades later. ...more on Wikipedia about "Andrew Huxley"

Anna Freud ( December 3, 1895, Vienna, Austria - October 9, 1982, London, England), the daughter of Sigmund Freud ( 1856- 1939) and his wife Martha Bernays ( 1861- 1951), was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst, and pioneer of child psychoanalysis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anna Freud"

Approbativeness is a faculty from the discipline of Phrenology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Approbativeness" Connect with shortopedia.

Balloonist theory was a theory in early neuroscience that attempted to explain muscle movement by asserting that muscles contract by inflating with air or fluid. ...more on Wikipedia about "Balloonist theory"

Camillo Golgi ( July 7, 1843 – January 21, 1926) was an Italian physician and scientist. ...more on Wikipedia about "Camillo Golgi"

Cesare Lombroso ( Verona, November 6, 1835 - Turin, October 19, 1909) was a historical figure in modern criminology, and the founder of the Italian Positivist School of criminology. Lombroso rejected the established Classical School of criminology, which held that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature. Instead, using concepts drawn from Physiognomy, early Eugenics, Psychiatry and Social Darwinism, Lombroso's theory was that criminality was inherited, and that the born criminal could be identified by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cesare Lombroso"

Sir Charles Bell ( November 1774, in Doun in Monteath, Edinburgh- April 28, 1842, in North Hallow, Worcestershire) was a Scottish anatomist, surgeon, physiologist and natural theologian. He was the younger brother of John Bell (1763-1820), also a noted surgeon and writer. ...more on Wikipedia about "Charles Bell"

Charles-Édouard Brown-Sequard (variant Charles Edward), British physiologist and neurologist, was born at Port Louis, Mauritius, on the April 8th 1817. His father was an American and his mother a Frenchwoman, but he himself always desired to be looked upon as a British subject. ...more on Wikipedia about "Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard"

Craniometry is the technique of measuring the bones of the skull. ...more on Wikipedia about "Craniometry"

(Cranioscopy) Term created by Franz Joseph Gall ( 1758- 1828), a German neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain, to name his technique to infer brain localization of function on the basis of the external anatomy of the skull or cranium. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cranioscopy"

David Hunter Hubel (b. February 27, 1926) was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; the prize was shared with Roger W. Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres. ...more on Wikipedia about "David H. Hubel"

Donald Olding Hebb ( July 22, 1904- August 20, 1985) was a psychologist who was influential in the area of neuropsychology, where he sought to understand how the function of neurons contributed to psychological processes such as learning. ...more on Wikipedia about "Donald Olding Hebb"

Edward Flatau was Polish neurologist. His work greatly impacted the developing field of neurology. He established neurobiologic and neuropathological sciences in Poland. He published a human brain atlas in 1894, wrote a fundamental book on migranes (1912), established the localization principle of long fibres in the spinal cord (1893), with Sterling (1911) and published an early paper on progressive torsion spasm in children and suggested that the disease has a genetic component. ...more on Wikipedia about "Edward Flatau"

Emil du Bois-Reymond (b. November 7, 1818, Berlin, Germany; d. November 26, 1896), was a German physician and physiologist, discoverer of the nerve action potential and the father of experimental electrophysiology. ...more on Wikipedia about "Emil du Bois-Reymond"

Erasistratus of Chios (330? BC - 250? BC) was a Greek anatomist. He worked as royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator and founded a school of anatomy in Alexandria along with Herophilos. He regarded atoms as the essential body elements, and they were vitalized by external air (pneuma) circulating through the nerves. He also thought that the nerves moved a "nervous spirit" from the brain, from which Erasistratus traced sensory and motor nerves. He also believed that the arteries moved an "animal spirit" from the heart by air provided by the lungs. He is best known for curing Antiochos, Seleucus's son. Erasistratus said that Antiochos was in love with his stepmother, and that that was what was ailing him, so he let them marry. ...more on Wikipedia about "Erasistratus"

Eugen Bleuler (b. 30 April, 1857 - d. 9 February, 1940) was a Swiss psychiatrist most notable for his contributions to the understanding of mental illness and the naming of schizophrenia. ...more on Wikipedia about "Eugene Bleuler"

Franz Joseph Gall ( March 9, 1758 - August 22, 1828) was a German neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain. ...more on Wikipedia about "Franz Joseph Gall"

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Georg von Békésy (Békésy György) ( June 3, 1899 – June 13, 1972) was a Hungarian biophysicist, ...more on Wikipedia about "Georg von Békésy"

George Combe ( 21 October, 1788 - 14 August, 1858), brother of Andrew Combe, was a writer on phrenology and education. He was born in Edinburgh, where for some time he practised as a lawyer. Latterly, however, he devoted himself to the promotion of phrenology, and of his views on education, for which he in 1848 founded a school. His chief work was The Constitution of Man ( 1828). ...more on Wikipedia about "George Combe"

Golgi's method is a nervous tissue staining technique discovered by Italian physician and scientist Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) in 1873. It was initially named the black reaction (la reazione nera) by Golgi, but it became later better known as the Golgi stain or method. ...more on Wikipedia about "Golgi's method"

Hans Berger was born in May 21, 1873, in Neuses near Coburg, Thuringia, Germany. He studied medicine at the University of Jena, receiving his doctorate in 1897. In 1900 he was hired as an assistant to Otto Ludwig Binswanger (1852-1929), chairman of the University's psychiatry and neurology clinic. There, he joined two famous scientists and physicians, Oskar Vogt (1870-1959) and Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) in their research on lateralization of brain function. He became a professor in 1906 and succeeded Binswanger in 1919. He later served as Rector at the University of Jena (1927-1928) and eventually became Professor Emeritus in Psychology in 1938. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hans Berger"

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