History of physics History of physics The aether drag hypothesis was an early attempt to explain the way experiments such as Arago's experiment showed that the speed of light is constant. The aether drag hypothesis is now considered to be incorrect by mainstream science. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aether drag hypothesis"
Air is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. Air is considered to be both hot and wet, and according to Plato is associated with the octahedron. It is associated with many other concepts, including the sword suit in the tarot. ...more on Wikipedia about "Air (classical element)"
An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction, ( 1798), Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society p.102 is a scientific paper by Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford that provided a substantial challenge to established theories of heat and began the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics. ...more on Wikipedia about "An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction"
In optics, an Arago spot is a bright point which appears at the center of the shadow of a circular object in light from a point source. It is of considerable interest due to the historical part it played in the wave theory of light. In 1818 Siméon Poisson deduced from Augustin Fresnel's theory the necessity of a bright spot at the centre of the shadow of a circular opaque obstacle. With his counterintuitive result Poisson hoped to disprove the wave theory; however Dominique Arago experimentally verifed the prediction and today the demonstration goes by the name " Poisson's (or Arago's) spot." Since the spot occurs within the geometrical shadow, no particle theory of light could account for it, and its discovery in fact provided weighty evidence for the wave nature of light, much to Poisson's chagrin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Arago spot"
An Archimedean point is a hypothetical vantage point from which an observer can objectively perceive the subject of inquiry, with a view of totality. The ideal of "removing oneself" from the object of study so that one can see it in relation to all other things, but remain independent of them, is described by a view from an Archimedean point. ...more on Wikipedia about "Archimedean point"
Archimedes ( Greek: Αρχιμηδης ) ( 287 BC– 212 BC) was an ancient mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer and philosopher born in the Greek seaport colony of Syracuse. He is considered by some math historians to be one of history's greatest mathematicians, along with possibly Newton, Gauss and Euler. ...more on Wikipedia about "Archimedes"
The Aristotelian theory of gravity was that all bodies move towards their natural place. For some objects, Aristotle claimed the natural place to be the center of the earth, wherefore they fall towards it. For other objects, the natural place is the heavenly spheres, wherefore gases, steam for example, move away from the center of the earth and towards heaven and to the moon. The speed of this motion was thought to be proportional to the weight of the object. ...more on Wikipedia about "Aristotelian theory of gravity"
In natural philosophy, atomism is the theory that all the objects in the universe are composed of very small, indestructible elements. Or, stated in other words, all of reality is made of indivisible basic building blocks. The word atomism derives from the ancient Greek word atomos which means "that which cannot be cut into smaller pieces". ...more on Wikipedia about "Atomism"
The B-Reactor at Hanford Site, Washington, was the first large scale plutonium production reactor ever built. The project was commissioned under the Manhattan Project, during World War II, to develop the first atomic bombs. The reactor was designed and built by the DuPont company based on experimental designs tested by Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago. The B-Reactor was completed in September of 1944, and was designed to operate at 250 kilowatts. The reactor was graphite moderated and water cooled. The plutonium for the Trinity device, tested in New Mexico, and the Fat Man bomb, later dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, ws created by irradiating Uranium-238 in B-Reactor. The B-Reactor operated through December of 1968. It is now in "interim safe storage" mode and is being turned into a museum. ...more on Wikipedia about "B-Reactor"
Robert Millikan pursued the theory of birth cries of atoms for many years, to explain the origin of cosmic rays. According to the birth cry theory, cosmic rays were photons—they are now known to be fast-moving charged particles—created by the generation of new atoms, and in later modifications of the theory, the destruction of atoms as well. He investigated the energy distribution of cosmic rays, trying to establish a correspondence between the most common energies of cosmic rays and the atomic energies of the most common elements in the universe. Millikan considered his birth cry theory natural theological evidence of the continual intervention of God, whose creation of new atoms balanced the increase increase in entropy due to the second law of thermodynamics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Birth cries of atoms"
The caloric theory of heat is an obsolete scientific theory in thermodynamics, developed mostly during the 18th and 19th centuries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Caloric theory"
Many ancient philosophies use a set of archetypal classical elements to explain patterns in nature. The Greek version of these ideas, which dates from pre-Socratic times, persisted throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, deeply influencing European thought and culture; but the concept is far older in the Far East, and was widely disseminated in India and China, where it forms the basis of both Buddhism and Hinduism, particularly in an esoteric context. ...more on Wikipedia about "Classical element"
The goal of creating a unified field theory was (and to some extent, still is) most closely identified in the public mind with the name of Albert Einstein. However, Einstein was by no means the only researcher to attempt such unification in the first half of the twentieth century. Unification of gravitation and electromagnetism was an actively pursued by several physicists and mathematicians in the years between the two world wars. ...more on Wikipedia about "Classical unified field theories"
Conservation of energy is possibly the most important, and certainly the most practically useful of several conservation laws in physics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Conservation of energy"
In the late 18th century, scientists developed sensitive instruments for detecting 'electrification', otherwise known as electrostatic charge imbalance. The phenomenon of electrification by contact, or contact electrification or contact tension, was quickly discovered. When two objects were touched together, sometimes the objects became spontaneously charged. One object developed a net negative charge, while the other developed an equal and opposite positive charge. ...more on Wikipedia about "Contact electrification"
In physics, contact tension or the Volta effect, is an obsolete scientific theory that attempted to explain how electricity is generated in an electric battery or, as it was then called, the Voltaic pile. The theory held that static electricity was generated by means of contact between dissimilar materials, and was in close agreement with the principles of static electricity as then understood. It was eventually replaced by the current theory of electrochemistry, namely, that electricity is generated by the action of chemistry and the exchange of electrons between atoms making up the battery. An important fact leading to the rejection of the theory of contact tension was the observation that corrosion, that is, the chemical degradation of the battery, seemed unavoiable with its use, and that the more electricity was drawn from the battery, the faster the corrosion proceeded. ...more on Wikipedia about "Contact tension"
Corpuscle is J.J. Thomson's term for a subatomic particle similar to the electron. He proposed this term in a paper called 'On the Number of Corpuscles in an Atom', published in Philosophical Magazine in June 1906. ...more on Wikipedia about "Corpuscle"
The Corpuscular theory, set forward by Isaac Newton states that light is made up of small discrete particles called corpuscles. This theory, related to the theory of Photons, explains many properties of light such as photoelectric effect. However, it fails to explain some effects such as interference or diffraction. ...more on Wikipedia about "Corpuscular theory"
A dark star is a theoretical object that obeys the laws of Newtonian mechanics, and has a surface escape velocity that equals or exceeds the speed of light. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dark star"
De motu corporum in gyrum (On the motion of bodies in an orbit) is a manuscript by Isaac Newton sent to Edmund Halley in November 1684. It derived the three laws of Kepler assuming an inverse square law of force, and generalized the answer to conic sections. It tried to set out the foundations of modern dynamics and extended its methodology by adding to the derivation of Kepler's laws the solution of a problem on the motion of a body through a resisting medium. Halley reported these results to the Royal Society on 1684-12-10 (Julian calendar). Three versions of the manuscript exist: they differ from each other in some crucial respects. The book Principia Mathematica is a correction and an expansion of this note. ...more on Wikipedia about "De motu corporum in gyrum"
Deutsche Physik (literally: "German Physics") or Aryan Physics was the name given to a reactionary movement in the German physics community in the early 1930s against the work of Albert Einstein, labeled Jewish Physics. The term was taken from the title of a 4-volume physics textbook by Philipp Lenard in the 1930s. ...more on Wikipedia about "Deutsche Physik"
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The story of the discoveries of the chemical elements is presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which they were first isolated as the pure element, rather than as a compound (some such as boron were known to be elements decades before they could be isolated from their compounds). The first few predate any written record. ...more on Wikipedia about "Discoveries of the chemical elements"
Earth is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. Earth is considered to be both cold and dry, and according to Plato is associated with the cube. ...more on Wikipedia about "Earth (classical element)"
An electrostatic generator is a mechanical device can produce continous current. The knowledge of static electricity dates back to the earliest civilizations, but for millenia it remained merely an interesting and mystifying phenomenon. The development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th Century. Electrostatic generators operate by using manual (or other) power to transform mechanical work into electric energy. Electrostatic generators develop electrostatic charges of opposite sign rendered to divided conductors. These devices can produce high voltage electrical output at relatively low electrical currents. Electrostatic generators are of two kinds: (A) Frictional machines, and (B) Influence machines. ...more on Wikipedia about "Electrostatic generator"
But in 1999 Glenn T. Seaborg died disputing the name change for #105 and was adamant about it remaining known as hahnium. His reason concerning Dubna in Russia was that he believed that they made a false claim on an element that they got credit for. When the Dubna group finally did release some additional data on the experiment, Seaborg claimed that it was a misreading of the decay pattern of their product. Even then, the Dubna group still refused to remove their claim. Some people in the Berkeley group and some others still refer to it as hahnium. ...more on Wikipedia about "Element naming controversy"
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