Human spaceflight

Ad Astra literally means " To the Stars." This award-winning quarterly magazine is published by the National Space Society (NSS), a nonprofit, 501(c)3 aerospace advocacy and educational institution headquartered in Washington, D.C.. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ad Astra"

The Awards are listed in the order in which they were established by the Society: ...more on Wikipedia about "American Astronautical Society"

The Association of Space Explorers is a non-profit organization with a membership composed of people who have flown in outer space. It was formed in 1985, and the current membership stands at about 300. The organization provides a forum for the promotion of space exploration, as well as space science and engineering, environmental awareness, &c. It is an international organization with members from 29 different nations. ...more on Wikipedia about "Association of Space Explorers"

An Astronaut Badge is a military badge of the United States, awarded to military aviation pilots who have completed Astronaut training with NASA and performed a successful space flight. Most such aviators are also former test pilots. A variation of the Astronaut badge is also issued to civilians who are employed with NASA as specialists on space flight missions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Astronaut Badge"

NASA's Astronaut Group 2, also known as The Next Nine or The New Nine, was the second group of Astronauts selected by NASA in September 1962. The group was required to augment the original Mercury 7 with the announcement of the Gemini Program and leading to the Apollo Program. The selection requirements were as demanding as for the first group with a greater emphasis on candidates with engineering experience as well as test pilot experience. The achievements of the Group 2 Astronauts eclipsed those of any group before or since. ...more on Wikipedia about "Astronaut Group 2"

NASA's Astronaut Group 3 was the third group of Astronauts selected by NASA in October 1963. All of the third group (except those who died) flew on the Apollo program - Aldrin, Bean, Cernan and Scott walked on the Moon. Five of them (Aldrin, Cernan, Collins, Gordon and Scott) also flew missions during the Gemini program. Bassett, Chaffee, Freeman and Williams all died before they could fly in space - Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire, the rest in plane crashes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Astronaut Group 3"

NASA's Astronaut Group 4 was the first group of Scientist-Astronauts selected by NASA in June 1965. While the astronauts of the previous three groups were required to have college degrees, they were primarily chosen for their test pilot backgrounds. The six scientist-astronauts were, on the other hand, chosen for their research and academic backgrounds (Doctorate degrees were required and minimum flight time requirements were waived). Of the six, only Schmitt, a geologist, walked on the Moon. Garriott, Gibson and Kerwin all flew to Skylab. Garriott also flew on the Space Shuttle. Graveline and Michel left NASA without flying in space. ...more on Wikipedia about "Astronaut Group 4" My http://www.shortopedia.com is mine.

NASA's Astronaut Group 5 selected by NASA in April 1966. ...more on Wikipedia about "Astronaut Group 5"

The Astronaut Memorial, also known as the Space Mirror, is a memorial on the grounds of the John F. Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Merritt Island, Florida. It is maintained by the Astronaut Memorial Foundation, whose offices are located in the NASA Center for Space Education next door to the Visitor Complex. It was dedicated in 1991 to remember the lives of the men and women that died in the space programs of the United States, particularly those of NASA. This includes one foreign astronaut that was killed during an American space mission and a United States military officer that died while training for a then-classified military space program. ...more on Wikipedia about "Astronaut Memorial"

A chemical oxygen generator, or solid fuel oxygen generator (SFOG, or TGK in Russian) is a device that releases oxygen created by a chemical reaction. The oxygen source is usually an inorganic superoxide, chlorate or perchlorate. A promising group of oxygen sources are ozonides. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chemical oxygen generator"

The Coalition's mission is to increase public understanding and support of the goals and benefits of the Vision for Space Exploration and engage the public and elected officials in active support to help secure and sustain the resources necessary to return the Space Shuttle to flight, complete assembly of the International Space Station, build a crew exploration vehicle, go back to the Moon, and then on to Mars and beyond. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coalition for Space Exploration"

Most American space flights, with the exception of those of Project Gemini and early Apollo flights, have had their spacecraft officially named. Calls to ground facilities by radiotelephone use the name of the spacecraft (e.g., "The Eagle has landed") as the call sign. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cosmonaut call sign"

The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale, system level study conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) during the Summer of 2005 in response to President George W. Bush's announcement on January 14, 2004 to return astronauts to the Moon and eventually Mars -- known as the Vision for Space Exploration (and unofficially as "Moon, Mars and Beyond" in some aerospace circles). ...more on Wikipedia about "Exploration Systems Architecture Study"

Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) is work done by an astronaut away from the Earth and outside of his or her spacecraft. The term most commonly applies to an EVA made outside a craft orbiting Earth (a spacewalk) but also applies to an EVA made on the surface of the Moon (a moonwalk). In the later lunar landing missions the command module pilot did an EVA to retrieve film canisters on the return trip. ...more on Wikipedia about "Extra-vehicular activity"

The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is an independent anthropomorphic system that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for a Space Shuttle or International Space Station (ISS) crewmember to perform extra-vehicular activity (EVA) in earth orbit. An EMU can accommodate an EVA mission of 7 hours with 30 minutes of reserves. ...more on Wikipedia about "Extravehicular Mobility Unit"

The Florida Space Authority (FSA) was created as a state government space agency by Florida's Governor and Legislature in 1989. The Authority’s mission (as authorized in Chapter 331, Part Two, Florida Statutes) is to retain, expand and diversify the state's space-related industry. Chapter 331 gives FSA governmental powers similar to other types of transportation authorities ( airport, seaport, etc.) to support and regulate the state's space transportation industry. ...more on Wikipedia about "Florida Space Authority"

(Hermann-Oberth-Gesellschaft) The Hermann Oberth society is an association, which uses itself for the new generation of engineers for space technology and which developed and built in the past also its own rockets. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hermann-Oberth-Gesellschaft"

Human spaceflight is space exploration with a human crew and possibly passengers, which is in contrast to robotic space probes or remotely-controlled unmanned space missions. ...more on Wikipedia about "Human spaceflight"

The L5 Society was founded in 1975 by Carolyn and Keith Henson to promote the space colony ideas of Dr. Gerard K. O'Neill. ...more on Wikipedia about "L5 Society"

A Launch Escape System (LES) is a top-mounted rocket connected to the crew module of a crewed spacecraft and used to quickly separate and launch the crew module away from the rest of the rocket in the case of an emergency. Since the escape rockets are above the crew module, the LES typically use separate nozzles which are angled away from the crew module to prevent the LES exhaust from hitting it. The LES is used in situations where there is an imminent threat to the crew, such as an impending explosion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Launch escape system"

The life support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in an environment hostile to human life, eg. outer space or underwater. ...more on Wikipedia about "Life support system" Who is shortopedia? Human_spaceflight

For a detailed listing of human spaceflights, see: ...more on Wikipedia about "List of human spaceflights"

List of human spaceflights: ...more on Wikipedia about "List of human spaceflights by program"

(List of human spaceflights chronologically) __NOTOC__ Some debate exists over the definition of space (see boundary to space), and hence that of spaceflight. The US defines spaceflight as over an altitude of 50 miles while the FAI defines it as over 100 km. For human spaceflights this is relevant for the X-15; as of 2003, 13 of its flights met the US criteria and among them 2 the FAI's. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of human spaceflights chronologically"

Detailed listing of human spaceflights from 1961 to 1986, spanning the Russian Vostok, Voskhod, and Salyut programs and the American Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs, as well as the Space Shuttle program through the Challenger disaster. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of human spaceflights, 1961-1986"

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