Incremental dating Incremental dating Archaeomagnetism (adjective 'archaeomagnetic) is the science of how ancient fires, and in some cases comets, affect the isoliniar magnetism of surroundings and thus can be dated, much in the way that carbon can be dated. ...more on Wikipedia about "Archaeomagnetic dating"
Corals are gastrovascular marine cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria; class Anthozoa) existing as small sea anemone-like polyps, typically forming colonies of many individuals. The group includes the important reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans, and belonging to the subclass Zoantharia of order Scleractinia (formerly Madreporaria). The latter are also known as stony corals in as much as the living tissue thinly covers a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate. A coral "head" is formed of many individual polyps, each polyp only a few millimetres in diameter. The colony of polyps functions essentially as a single organism by sharing nutrients via a well developed gastrovascular network, and the polyps are clones, each having the same genetic structure. Each polyp generation grows on the skeletal remains of previous generations, forming a structure that has a shape characteristic of the species, but subject to environmental influences. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coral"
Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree ring growth patterns. This technique was invented and developed during the 20th century originally by A. E. Douglass, the founder of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona. The technique can date wood to exact calendar years. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dendrochronology"
Growth rings (or "tree rings" or "annular rings") can be seen in a horizontal cross section cut through the trunk of a tree. Visible rings result from the change in growth speed through the seasons of the year, thus one ring usually marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. The rings are more visible in temperate zones, where the seasons differ more markedly. ...more on Wikipedia about "Growth ring"
An ice core is a core sample of ice removed from an ice sheet, most commonly from the polar ice caps of Antarctica, Greenland or from high mountain glaciers elsewhere. As the ice forms from the incremental buildup of annual layers of snow, lower layers are older than upper, and an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years. The properties of the ice or inclusions within the ice can then be used to reconstruct a climatic record over the age range of the core. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ice core"
Incremental dating techniques allow the construction of year-by-year annual chronologies, which can be fixed (i.e. linked to the present day and thus calendar or sidereal time) or floating. ...more on Wikipedia about "Incremental dating"
Lichenometry can provide dates for glacial deposits in tundra environments, lake level changes, trim lines, rockfalls, talus stabilisation and former extent of permafrost or very persistent snow cover. ...more on Wikipedia about "Lichenometry"
A speleothem (from the Greek for "cave deposit") is a formal term for what is also known as a cave formation, or amongst cavers, collectively known as pretties. They are the result of the interactions among water, rock, and air within caves. ...more on Wikipedia about "Speleothem"
Tephrochronology is a geochronolgical technique that utilises discreet layers of tephra to create a chronological framework in which a palaeoenvironmental or archaeological records can be placed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Tephrochronology"
A varve is an annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock. ...more on Wikipedia about "Varve"
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