Language varieties and styles Language varieties and styles An acrolect is a register of a spoken language that is considered formal and high-style. ...more on Wikipedia about "Acrolect"
The Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache framework is a tool developed by sociolinguists, e.g. Heinz Kloss or Joshua Fishman, for analyzing and categorizing languages and dialects, and for distinguishing the concepts. Note that Sprache is the German word for language. The first occurrence of 'ausbau language' in the scientific literature is in Heinz Kloss, Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages (Anthropological linguistics, 1967, 9). ...more on Wikipedia about "Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache"
Baby talk, motherese, parentese, caretaker, or child-directed speech (CDS) is a nonstandard form of speech used by adults, particularly mothers, in talking to children. It is usually delivered with a "cooing" pattern of inflection which is different from normal adult speech: high in pitch, and with many glissando-like rises and falls in pitch which are exaggerated by comparison with normal speech. Baby talk is also used by pet owners when talking to their pets, and between adults as a form of affectionate intimacy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Baby talk"
In linguistics, a basilect is a dialect of speech that has diverged so far from the standard language that in essence it has become a different language. A basilect represents the opposite end of the scale of linguistic formality from an acrolect. ...more on Wikipedia about "Basilect"
Business speak is a term for seemingly out of place words used in a bureaucratic or financial environment. Some of these words may be new inventions, designed purely to fit the specialized meaning of a situation. However the term "business speak" usually has a negative connotation. Words which seem unnecessarily long may be deemed preposterous. On the other hand, an abundance of abbreviations may connote laziness or lack of originality in communication skills. ...more on Wikipedia about "Business speak"
Cant is an example of a cryptolect, a characteristic or secret language used only by members of a group, often used to conceal the meaning from those outside the group. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cant (language)"
Christianese is a form of religious jargon sometimes used by members of the various Christian churches, especially within, though not limited to, contemporary Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism. Christianese is characterised by the use of certain words, theological terms, and catchphrases in everyday conversation in ways that are only comprehensible within the context of Christian beliefs. ...more on Wikipedia about "Christianese"
A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech or writing. Colloquialisms can include words (such as "gonna" or "grouty"), phrases (such as "ain't nothin'" and "dead as a doornail"), or sometimes even an entire aphorism ("There's more than one way to skin a cat"). Dictionaries often display colloquial words and phrases with the abbreviation colloq. Colloquialisms are often used primarily within a limited geographical area. ...more on Wikipedia about "Colloquialism"
A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. The number of speakers, and the area itself, can be of arbitrary size. It follows that a dialect for a larger area can contain plenty of (sub-) dialects, which in turn can contain dialects of yet smaller areas, etc. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dialect"
A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. Dialects separated by great geographical distances may not be mutually comprehensible. According to the Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache paradigm, these dialects can be considered Abstandsprachen (i.e., as stand-alone languages). However, they can be seen as dialects of a single language, provided that a common standard language, through which communication is possible, exists. Such a situation is called diglossia. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dialect continuum"
In linguistics, a diasystem is a term used in structural dialectology, to refer to a single genetic language which has two or more standard forms. ...more on Wikipedia about "Diasystem"
Diatype is a term first used by the linguist Michael Gregory to describe a type of language variation which is determined by its social purpose. In his formulation, language variation can be divided into two categories: dialect, for variation according to user (eg. African American Vernacular English), and diatype for variation according to use (eg. the specialised langauge of an academic journal). ...more on Wikipedia about "Diatype"
An ecolect is a language variety unique to a household (from the Greek eco (oikos) for house, as in economy or ecology, and lect for language). An ecolect probably evolves from an idiolect, which is individual specific, when other household members adopt that individual's unique words and phrases, that are not in use in surrounding households or the wider community. (The word ecolect is a neologism.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Ecolect"
Elegant variation is a phrase coined by Henry W. Fowler to refer to the unnecessary use of synonyms to mean a single thing. In Modern English Usage ( 1926) he wrote: ...more on Wikipedia about "Elegant variation"
Fanspeak is the slang or jargon current in science fiction and fantasy fandom, especially those terms in use among readers and writers of science fiction fanzines. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fanspeak"
An idiolect (sometimes spelled ideolect) is a variety of a language unique to an individual. It is manifested by patterns of word selection and grammar, or words, phrases or idioms that are unique to that individual. Every individual has an idiolect; the grouping of words and phrases is unique, rather than an individual using specific words that nobody else uses. An idiolect can easily evolve into an ecolect—a dialect variant specific to a household. ...more on Wikipedia about "Idiolect"
An interlanguage is a language that has been developed by the learners of a second language who have not fully acquired it, but only approximated it, preserving some features of their first language in speaking or writing the target language, and creating innovations. An interlanguage can be spoken by a small group of people, but it can also become a mass phenomenon. It can fossilize in any of its developmental stages.The learner creates an interlanguage using different learning strategies such as language transfer, overgeneralisation and simplification. ...more on Wikipedia about "Interlanguage"
Jargon is terminology, much like slang, which is used in conjunction with a specific activity, professions or field. Jargon is specifically domain-specific language used to aid communication by acting as a sort of common shorthand among insiders. As such, jargon is also a social tool, where proper usage of terminology can indicate whether a person is proficient with the subject. Incorrect use of jargon may sometimes be called malapropism, as to insiders, it is frequently humorous, or at least indicative that the user is an outsider. ...more on Wikipedia about "Jargon"
Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behaviour of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of language. Typically it will involve the development of goals, objectives and strategies to change the way language is used. At a governmental level, language planning takes the form of language policy. Many nations have language regulatory bodies which are specifically charged with formulating and implementing language planning policies. ...more on Wikipedia about "Language planning"
A literary language is a register of a language that is used in writing, and which often differs in lexicon and syntax from the language used in speech. In some languages, such as Tamil, the difference is so extreme that the language exhibits diglossia. ...more on Wikipedia about "Literary language"
A mesolect is a register of spoken language whose character falls somewhere between the prestige of the acrolect and the informality of the basilect. Mesolectic speech, where it is distinguished from acrolectic speech, is often the most widely spoken form of a language, generally being used by the middle class. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mesolect" shortopedia moments.
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a property exhibited by two or more distinct languages when speakers of one or more of the languages can readily understand at least one or more of the other language(s) without intentional study or extraordinary effort. Mutual intelligibility can be asymmetric between the languages, with speakers of one understanding more of the other than speakers of the other understand of the first. It exists in differing degrees among many related or geographically proximate languages of the world, often in the context of a dialect continuum. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mutually intelligible languages"
A national language is a language (or language variant, i.e. dialect) which uniquely represents the national identity of a nation and/or country. Though distinct from an official language, which is used for political and legal discourse and so designated by a country's government, national languages are often also official languages simultaneously, even when possessing little or no government recognition. ...more on Wikipedia about "National language"
A nonstandard dialect is a dialect that does not have the institutional support or sanction that a standardized dialect has. ...more on Wikipedia about "Nonstandard dialect"
An official language is a language that is given a unique legal status in a country, state, or other territory. It is primarily the language of the constitution, hence countries with no codified constitution have no official language. Most typically, the official language will be in line with the language used by the principal nationality or ethnic group. The law in many nations requires that government documents be produced in other languages as well. ...more on Wikipedia about "Official language" This text is made on http://www.shortopedia.com shortopedia
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