Literary forgeries Literary forgeries The Augustan History ( Lat. Historia Augusta) is a collection of biographies of Roman Emperors and usurpers during the period 117 to 284. Although it is supposedly an assemblage of works by six different writers (collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae), there is considerable doubt concerning not only the authorship of the work, but also when it was written and how much of the content is fictitious. Even so, it is the only continuous account for its period and thus of considerable interest. ...more on Wikipedia about "Augustan History"
God Spede the Plough is the name of an early sixteenth-century manuscript text that borrows twelves stanzas from Chaucer's Monk's Tale. It is a short, satirical complaint listing all the parasitic clergy who are going to demand a piece of the plowman's harvest, rendering his work futile. Perhaps there is an allusion to 1 Corinthians 9:10--"...when the plowman plows and the thresher threshes, they ought to do so in the hope of sharing the harvest." Ironically this verse is used by St. Paul in an argument for his (and other apostles') right to have his food and other basic needs supplied by the laity of the early church. God Spede the Plough also rates taxation very poorly and issues the same sort of complaint as that in the Second Shepherds' Play. ...more on Wikipedia about "God Spede the Plough"
Jack Upland or Jack up Lande (ca. 1389-96?) is polemical (probably Lollard) and can be seen as a "sequel" to Piers Plowman with Antichrist attacking Christians through corrupt confession. Jack asks a "flattering friar" (cf. Piers Plowmans "Friar Flatterer") nearly seventy questions that attack the mendicant orders and expose their distance from scriptural truth. ...more on Wikipedia about "Jack Upland"
Charlotte-Victoire de Froullay de Tessé, Marquise de Créquy de Heymont de Canaples d'Ambrières (1699? 1701? 1714? - 1803) was a member of the Créquy family, that counted several distinguished public servants and prelates, in particular in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. ...more on Wikipedia about "Marquise de Créquy"
Pierce the Ploughman's Crede is an alliterative poem of 855 lines, savagely lampooning the four orders of friars. Surviving in two complete sixteenth-century manuscripts (British Library MS Bibl. Reg.18.B.17 and MS Trinity College Cambridge R.3.15) and two early printed editions, the Crede is datable on internal evidence to 1393- 1400. The two manuscripts both include Piers Plowman, and in the first, the Crede serves as an introduction to a C-text version of Piers Plowman. Additionally, BL MS Harley 78 contains a fragment of the Crede copied ca. 1460-70. (MS Harley is a collection made by John Stow in the sixteenth century; it contains poems by Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas Wyatt, and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Pierce the Ploughman's Crede"
The Piers Plowman tradition is made up of about 14 different poetic and prose works from about the time of John Ball and the Great Rising of 1381 through the reign of Elizabeth I. Their chief common trait is their more or less intentional association with William Langland's poem Piers Plowman by naming or adopting one or more of its characters, typically Piers himself. In a few cases there is an obvious Piers-like character clearly inspired by Langland and/or other texts in the Piers Plowman tradition. (A much larger number of texts may be included in the tradition for their arguably more diffuse and distant, less self-evident evocations of Piers.) Typically they register some form of (often agrarian) sociopolitical and/or religious complaint, often in a satirical manner, and they are concerned with the problem of political counsel and the appropriate relations and communication between commoners and the king. (In these respects they resemble earlier contemporary works such as The Song of the Husbandman (c. 1340), Wynnere and Wastoure (c. 1353), and The Parlement of the Thre Ages (c. 1375- 1400).) To some extent, then, the plowman tradition both constitutes and concerns an emerging early modern " public sphere". Most of the texts in the Piers Plowman tradition are anonymous; many are pseudepigraphic by authorial design or later misattribution; many exhibit aspects of what has been called "hybridity" by Homi K. Bhabha. For the Piers Plowman tradition, convenient and common distinctions between fiction and history, text and context do not apply easily or at all. ...more on Wikipedia about "Piers Plowman Tradition"
Richard Of Cirencester (c. 1335 - c. 1401), historical writer, was a member of the Benedictine abbey at Westminster, and his name (Circestre) first appears on the chamberlain's list of the monks of that foundation drawn up in the year 1355. ...more on Wikipedia about "Richard of Cirencester"
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The Songs of Bilitis, Les Chansons de Bilitis in French, was a forgery published in 1894 by Pierre Louÿs in Paris. The collection of poems in ancient Greek was ascribed to a courtesan and contemporary of Sappho, Bilitis, to whose 'life' Louÿs dedicated a small section of his book. He claimed the 143 prose poems, excluding 3 epitaphs, were entirely the work of this ancient poetess - a place where she poured both her most intimate thoughts and most public actions, from childhood innocence in Pamphylia to the loneliness and chagrin of her later years. Although for the most part The Songs of Bilitis is original work, many of the poems in the collection were reworked epigrams from the Palatine Anthology, and Louÿs even borrowed some verses from Sappho herself. The poems themselves are a blend of mellow sensuality and polished style in the manner of Parnassian school; underneath run subtle Gallic undertones which Louÿs could never escape. To give authenticity to the forgery, Louÿs listed some of the poems as "untranslated" in the index; he even craftily fabricated the entire section of his book called The Life of Bilitis, crediting a certain fictional archaeologist Herr G. Heim as the discoverer of Bilitis' tomb. And though Louÿs displayed great knowledge of ancient Greek culture, ranging from child games in Tortie Torture to application of scents in Perfumes, the poems were eventually exposed as literary fraud. This did little to taint their literary value in the eyes of the readers, however, and Louÿs' open and sympathetic celebration of lesbian sexuality earned him sensation and historic significance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Songs of Bilitis"
The Pilgrim's Tale is significantly connected with The Plowman's Tale and remains the most mysterious of the pseudo-Chaucerian texts. In his 1602 edition of the Works of Chaucer, Thomas Speght mentions that he hoped to find this elusive text. A prefatory advertisement to the reader in the 1687 edition of the Works speaks of an exhaustive search for The Pilgrim's Tale, which proved fruitless. It did exist, however. It is an anti-monastic poem probably written ca. 1536-38, since it makes references to events in 1534 and 1536--i.e., the Lincolnshire Rebellion--and borrows from The Plowman's Tale and the 1532 text by William Thynne of Chaucer's Romaunt of the Rose, which is cited by page and line. ...more on Wikipedia about "The Pilgrim's Tale"
There are actually two pseudo-Chaucerian texts called The Plowman's Tale. In the mid-fifteenth century a rhyme royal Plowman's Tale was added to the text of The Canterbury Tales in the Christ Church MS. This tale is actually an orthodox Roman Catholic, possibly anti- Lollard version of a Marian miracle story written by Thomas Hoccleve called Item de Beata Virgine. Someone composed and added a prologue to fit Hoccleve's poem into Chaucer's narrative frame. This bogus tale did not survive into the printed editions of Chaucer's Works. ...more on Wikipedia about "The Plowman's Tale"
William Lauder (died 1771) was a Scottish literary forger. ...more on Wikipedia about "William Lauder (forger)"
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