Magnetism Magnetism In theoretical physics, 't Hooft-Polyakov monopole is a topological soliton similar to the Dirac monopole but without any singularities. It arises in the case of a Yang-Mills theory with a gauge group G, coupled to a Higgs field which spontaneously breaks it down to a smaller group H via the Higgs mechanism. ...more on Wikipedia about "'t Hooft-Polyakov monopole"
The ampere-turn (AT) is the MKS unit of magnetomotive force, represented by a direct current of one ampere flowing in a single-turn loop in a vacuum. An Ampere-turn is equal to 4 pi/10 Gilberts, the equivalent CGS unit. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ampere-turn"
The Barkhausen effect is name given to static in the magnetic output of a ferromagnet when the magnetizing force applied to it is changed. Discovered by Heinrich Barkhausen in 1919, it is caused by small domains of similarly oriented atoms in ferromagnetic materials. Barkhausen's work in acoustics and magnetism led to the discovery, which provided evidence that magnetization affects whole domains of a ferromagnetic material, rather than individual atoms alone. The Barkhausen effect is series of sudden changes in the size and orientation of ferromagnetic domains, or microscopic clusters of aligned atomic magnets, that occurs during a continuous process of magnetization or demagnetization. The Barkhausen effect offered direct evidence for the existence of ferromagnetic domains, which previously had been postulated theoretically. Heinrich Barkhausen discovered that a slow, smooth increase of a magnetic field applied to a piece of ferromagnetic material, such as iron, causes it to become magnetized, not continuously but in minute steps. ...more on Wikipedia about "Barkhausen effect"
The Barnett effect is the spontaneous magnetization of a ferromagnetic body when spun on its axis. The magnetization occurs parallel to the axis of spin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Barnett effect"
Blas Cabrera is a physicist at Stanford University who was searching for magnetic monopoles; on the night of February 14, 1982, the detector recorded an event which had the perfect signature hypothesized for a magnetic monopole. After he published his discovery (B. Cabrera, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1378–1381; 1982), a number of similar detectors were built by various research groups, and Cabrera's laboratory itself received a large grant to build an improved detector. However, no similar event has been recorded since, and his research group has since dropped the search. ...more on Wikipedia about "Blas Cabrera"
In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol ) is named after the physicist Niels Bohr. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bohr magneton"
In electricity, current refers to electric current, which is the flow of electric charge. Lightning is an example of an electric current, as is the solar wind, the source of the polar aurora. Probably the most familiar form of electric current is the flow of conduction electrons in a metallic wire. This is how utility companies deliver electricity. In electronics, electric current is most often the flow of electrons through conductors and devices such as resistors, but it is also the flow of ions inside a battery or the flow of holes within a semiconductor. ...more on Wikipedia about "Current (electricity)"
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Degaussing is the process of reducing or eliminating an unwanted magnetic field. Due to magnetic hysteresis it is generally not possible to reduce a magnetic field completely to zero, so degaussing typically induces a very small "known" field referred to as bias. ...more on Wikipedia about "Degaussing"
Diamagnetism is a form of magnetism which is only exhibited by a substance in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. It is the result of changes in the orbital motion of electrons due to the application of an externally applied magnetic field. Applying a magnetic field causes a momentary electromotive force (a consequence of Faraday's law) which modifies the electronic orbitals of atoms/molecules in a substance in such a way that the orbitals produce an induced magnetic field, which opposes the applied field (a consequence of Lenz's law). However, the induced magnetic moment is very small in most everyday materials. All materials show a diamagnetic response in an applied magnetic field; however for materials which show some other form of magnetism (such as ferromagnetism or paramagnetism), the diamagnetism is completely swamped. Substances which only, or mostly, display diamagnetic behaviour are termed diamagnetic materials, or diamagnets. Materials that are said to be diamagnetic are those which are usually considered by non-physicists as "non magnetic", and include Water, DNA, most organic compounds such as oil and plastic, and many metals such as Gold and Bismuth. ...more on Wikipedia about "Diamagnetism"
In theoretical physics, the Dirac monopole is another name for the magnetic monopole; the article about the magnetic monopoles contains a lot of useful information. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dirac monopole"
In physics, the Faraday effect or Faraday rotation ...more on Wikipedia about "Faraday effect"
A ferrofluid is a specific type of liquid which responds to a magnetic field. Ferrofluids are composed of nanoscale magnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid. The solid particles are generally stabilized with an attached surfactant layer. It is important to state that true ferrofluids are stable, meaning that the solid particles do not agglomerate and phase separate even in extremely strong magnetic fields. Ron Rosensweig's book Ferrohydrodynamics (1985) is the usual starting reference for learning the details of ferrofluids. ...more on Wikipedia about "Ferrofluid"
* S. V. Vonsovskii, Ferromagnetic Resonance (Pergamon: Oxford, 1966). ...more on Wikipedia about "Ferromagnetic resonance"
Flux pinning is the phenomenon where a magnet's lines of force (called flux) become trapped, or "pinned", inside a superconducting material. This pinning binds the superconductor to the magnet at a fixed distance. Flux pinning is only possible when there are defects in the crystalline structure of the superconductor (usually resulting from grain boundaries or impurities). Flux pinning is desirable in high-temperature ceramic superconductors in order to prevent "flux creep", which can create a pseudo- resistance and depress both critical current density and critical field. ...more on Wikipedia about "Flux pinning" Evergreen http://www.shortopedia.com!!!
Francis Bitter ( July 22, 1902 - July 26, 1967) was an American physicist. ...more on Wikipedia about "Francis Bitter"
The Heisenberg model is the case of the n-vector model, one of the models used in statistical physics to model ferromagnetism, and other phenomena. ...more on Wikipedia about "Heisenberg model"
The Levitron is a device composed of a permanent magnetic top and base, the magnetic and dynamic interactions of which, induce levitation in the top. It was invented and subsequently patented (in 1983) by Roy Harrigan, and independently invented by Joseph Chieffo in 1984. ...more on Wikipedia about "Levitron"
Magnet therapy, or magnetic therapy, is a form of alternative medicine based on the claim that certain medical disorders can be effectively treated by exposure to magnetic fields. Some believe that magnetic fields emanating from permanent magnets placed close to the body can cause bones to heal faster, relieve pain, and perform other forms of healing to the body. It is most commonly recommended by practitioners as a cure for joint disorders and back problems. Critics charge that no verifiable evidence has been put forth that magnet therapy has any real benefits, and thus relegate it to the realm of pseudo-science. It may act as a placebo in some people. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnet therapy"
Magnetic capacitivity – the scalar value for element of a magnetic circuit, which is numerically equal to magnetic conductivity for the magnetic flux or to relation between this magnetic flux and the difference of the magnetic potentials on this element. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnetic capacitivity"
In physics, a magnetic field is an entity produced by moving electric charges ( electric currents) that exerts a force on other moving charges. (The quantum-mechanical spin of a particle produces magnetic fields and is acted on by them as though it were a current; this accounts for the fields produced by "permanent" ferromagnets.) A magnetic field is a vector field: it associates with every point in space a ( pseudo-) vector that may vary in time. The direction of the field is the equilibrium direction of a compass needle placed in the field. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnetic field"
Magnetic field density, otherwise known as magnetic flux density, is essentially what the layman knows as a magnetic field—akin to a gravitational or electric field. It is a response of a medium to the presence of a magnetic field. The SI unit of magnetic flux density is the tesla. 1 tesla = 1 weber per square metre. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnetic field density"
Magnetic flux, is a measure of quantity of magnetism, taking account of the strength and the extent of a magnetic field. The flux through an element of area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field is given by the product of the magnetic field density and the area element. More generally, magnetic flux is defined by a scalar product of the magnetic field density and the area element vector. Gauss's law for magnetism, which is one of the four Maxwell's equations, states that the total magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero. This law is a consequence of the empirical observation that magnetic monopoles do not exist or are not measureable. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber, and the unit of magnetic flux density is the weber per square meter. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnetic flux"
The magnetic flux quantum Φ0 is the quantum of magnetic flux passing through a superconductor. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnetic flux quantum"
A magnetic ionic liquid was identified by Satoshi Hayashi and Hiro-o Hamaguchi of the University of Tokyo in 2004 as an ionic liquid based on the imidazole 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and ferric chloride. Due to the presence of high spin FeCl4−, the liquid is paramagnetic and a magnetic susceptibility of 40.6 × 10−6 emu g-1 is reported. A simple magnet suffices to attract the liquid in a test tube. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnetic ionic liquid"
Magnetic levitation is the process by which an object is suspended above another object with no other support but magnetic fields. The electromagnetic force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational force. ...more on Wikipedia about "Magnetic levitation" Good to know shortopedia. Magnetism
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