Manned spacecraft Manned spacecraft The Command/Service Module (CSM) was a spacecraft built for NASA by North American Aviation. It was one of the two spacecraft that were utilized for the Apollo program, along with the Lunar Module, to land astronauts on the Moon. Together they were called the Apollo spacecraft. After the conclusion of the Apollo program, the CSM saw service as a ferry for the Skylab program and for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project where a CSM rendezvoused in orbit with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo Command/Service Module"
The Apollo Lunar Module was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the US Apollo program to achieve the transit from Moon orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation (yet pronounced "LEM" from NASA's early name for it, Lunar Excursion Module). ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo Lunar Module"
The Apollo spacecraft was designed as part of the Apollo Program, by the United States in the early 1960s to land man on the moon before 1970 and return them safely to earth.This goal was set forth by the late president Kennedy after the first flight of the Mercury Space Program. The spacecraft was made up of multiple units or stages that worked together to perform the mission of landing on the moon and returning safely to earth. The main components of the Apollo spacecraft were (going from top to bottom) the launch escape system, the Command Module, the Service Module, the Lunar Module and the lunar module adapter. These stages together would sit atop the launch vehicle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Apollo spacecraft"
Big Gemini (or "Big G") was proposed to NASA by McDonnell Douglas in August, 1969, as an advanced version of the Gemini spacecraft system. It was intended to provide large-capacity, all-purpose access to space, including missions that ultimately used Apollo or the Space Shuttle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Big Gemini"
Blue Gemini was a United States Air Force project in the late 1960s/early 1970s that hoped to develop the Gemini technology that had been more-or-less abandoned by NASA at the time, and use it in support of their Manned Orbiting Laboratory or MOL program. The concept was extremely frugal: since the Gemini was already a proven safe design, the Air Force wouldn't have to float the enormous development costs required to design a man-rated spacecraft from scratch. To this end, the USAF actually borrowed NASA's Gemini 2 spacecraft, and re-launched it to get extra data, the first time a capsule spacecraft had ever been flown in space twice. (It was re-launched without much overhaul, and re-used the same ablative heat shield it had used on its first launch, surviving with no ill-effects, prompting the USAF to decide that the Gemini had been slightly over-protected in its initial design.) ...more on Wikipedia about "Blue Gemini"
The Crew Exploration Vehicle is NASA's proposed series of human spaceflight spacecraft, intended to supersede the space shuttle system. Together with the Earth Departure Stage, the Lunar Surface Access Module, and the associated launch infrastructure, the CEV is one of the elements of Project Constellation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Crew Exploration Vehicle"
The Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) was a design for a return vehicle for crew at the International Space Station (ISS). Its development was cancelled in 2001. It would have increased the current crew return capacity of three people, currently provided by the Russian Soyuz TMA vehicle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Crew Return Vehicle"
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The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale, system level study conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) during the Summer of 2005 in response to President George W. Bush's announcement on January 14, 2004 to return astronauts to the Moon and eventually Mars -- known as the Vision for Space Exploration (and unofficially as "Moon, Mars and Beyond" in some aerospace circles). ...more on Wikipedia about "Exploration Systems Architecture Study"
The International Space Station (ISS) is a joint project of five space agencies: ...more on Wikipedia about "International Space Station"
Kliper (Клипер, also referred to as Clipper) is a spacecraft proposed in 2004 by Russian rocket and space company RKK Energia. Designed primarily to replace the Soyuz spacecraft, it is a partly reusable spaceplane that glides into the atmosphere at an angle that produces much less acceleration on the human occupants than the current Soyuz. Kliper is currently proposed in two versions: as a lifting body design and as a spaceplane with small wings. The craft can carry up to six people and can be used for ferry services between earth and the International Space Station. It has also (as of September 28 2005) been declared that it will be used on trans-lunar missions (though with no plans for landings) and may at least theoretically be used on Mars exploration. The primary focus for its development was to reduce costs for manned space flights by using the reusable spaceship approach and to replace the aging Soyuz capsule design. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kliper"
* Shenzhou spacecraft ...more on Wikipedia about "List of manned spacecraft"
The Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) was part of the United States Air Force's manned spaceflight program, a successor to the cancelled X-20 Dyna-Soar project. It was announced to the public on the same day that the Dyna-Soar program was cancelled, December 10, 1963. Also codenamed Dorian and given the designation KH-10, the MOL was intended to be a space station used for reconnaissance purposes. It was derived from NASA's Gemini program. The project was cancelled on June 10, 1969 before there were any operational flights. MOL was later superseded by the KH-9 reconnaissance satellite. The contractor for the MOL was the Douglas Aircraft Company. ...more on Wikipedia about "Manned Orbiting Laboratory"
Merkur, from a Russian word for the planet Mercury, was the name of a Soviet manned spacecraft whose design had features absent from other Soviet designs but found on the three early American projects. Its name was cognate with that of the US Project Mercury, although the shape of the capsule was very much like that of the Command Module of Project Apollo. Inside, Merkur was completely different from the CM, though it also could carry a crew of three. Like either of these spacecraft, it had a Launch Escape System, a rocket bolted to its nose. Unlike them, however, this launch escape rocket went into space with the capsule to be used as the retro-rocket. ...more on Wikipedia about "Merkur (spacecraft)"
Mir (Мир, which can mean both world and peace in Russian) was a highly successful Soviet (and later Russian) space station. It was humanity's first consistently inhabited long-term research station in space. Through a number of collaborations, it was made internationally accessible to cosmonauts and astronauts of many different countries. Mir was assembled in orbit by successively connecting several modules, each launched separately from February 19, 1986 to 1996. The station existed until March 23, 2001, at which point it was deliberately de-orbited and broke apart during atmospheric re-entry. ...more on Wikipedia about "Mir"
The Multi-Unit Space Transport And Recovery Device or MUSTARD was a concept explored for the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) around 1964- 1965. MUSTARD used three largely identical lifting bodies (each similar to the Northrop HL-10), stacked back-to-belly, to launch a crew into orbit. ...more on Wikipedia about "MUSTARD"
The North American X-15 rocket plane was perhaps the most important of the USAF/ USN X-series of experimental aircraft. Although not as famous as the Bell X-1, the X-15 set numerous speed and altitude records in the early 1960s, reaching the edge of space and bringing back valuable data that was used in the design of later aircraft and spacecraft. ...more on Wikipedia about "North American X-15"
The Orbital Space Plane program (now defunct and replaced by the Spiral series of CEV — Crew Exploration Vehicles) was designed to support the International Space Station requirements for crew rescue, crew transport and contingency cargo such as supplies, food and other needed equipment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Orbital Space Plane"
Project 921-1 was the working name given by the People's Republic of China in 1992 for plans to launch a manned spaceflight. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921 with Project 921-1 as its first significant goal. The plan called for a manned launch in October 1999, prior to the new millennium. Success would arrive four years later with the fifth launch of the Shenzhou spacecraft, China's first manned flight. ...more on Wikipedia about "Project 921-1"
Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program in which the United States of America sent humans into space, between Projects Mercury and Apollo, during the years 1963- 1966. Its objective was to develop techniques for advanced space travel, notably those necessary for Apollo, whose objective was to land men on the Moon. Gemini missions involved extravehicular activity and orbital maneuvers including rendezvous and docking. ...more on Wikipedia about "Project Gemini"
Project Mercury was the United States' first successful manned spaceflight program. It ran from 1959 through 1963 with the goal of putting a man in orbit around the Earth. Early planning and research was carried out by NACA, while the program was officially carried out by the newly created NASA. The name Mercury comes from the Roman god (it is also the name of the innermost planet of the solar system). ...more on Wikipedia about "Project Mercury"
The Scaled Composites Model 316 SpaceShipOne is an experimental air-launched suborbital spaceplane that uses a hybrid rocket motor. The design features a unique " shuttlecock" reentry system whose half- delta wing folds upward at the center of its twin tail booms; this increases drag while remaining stable. ...more on Wikipedia about "Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne"
Shenzhou ( ) is the name of a spacecraft from the People's Republic of China which first carried a Chinese astronaut into orbit on October 15, 2003. Development began in 1992, with the first four unmanned test flights in 1999, 2001 and 2002. These were followed with another manned launch on October 12, 2005. It is launched on the Long March 2F from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. ...more on Wikipedia about "Shenzhou spacecraft"
The Soviet reusable spacecraft program Buran ("Бура́н" meaning " snowstorm" or " blizzard" in Russian) began in 1976 at TsAGI as a response to the United States Space Shuttle program. Soviet politicians were convinced that the Space Shuttle would be an effective military weapon since the U.S. Department of Defense took part in the project, and could pose a potential threat to the balance of power during the Cold War. The project was the largest and the most expensive in the history of Soviet space exploration. ...more on Wikipedia about "Shuttle Buran"
Silver Dart is a proposed eight-person lifting body orbital spacecraft announced by PlanetSpace. The company intends to compete for contracts for cargo and crew flights to the international space station ( ISS). ...more on Wikipedia about "Silver Dart (space craft)"
:Skylab is also the name of a research station at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica. ...more on Wikipedia about "Skylab"
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