Marxist theory Marxist theory Abstract labour and concrete labour refer to a distinction made by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. This distinction is introduced in chapter 1 of Das Kapital, where Marx writes: ...more on Wikipedia about "Abstract labour and concrete labour"
Antagonistic contradiction ( Chinese language: 矛盾; pinyin: máo dùn) is the impossibility of compromise between different social classes. The term is most often applied in Marxist theory, which holds that differences between the two primary classes, the working class/ proletariat and the bourgeoisie are so great that there is no way to bring about a reconciliation of their views. Because the groups involved have diametrically opposed concerns, their objectives are so dissimilar and contradictory that no mutually acceptable resolution can be found. Nonantagonistic contradictions may be resolved through mere debate, but antagonistic contradictions can only be resolved through struggle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antagonistic contradiction"
In common usage, the word capitalism means an economic system in which the means of production are overwhelmingly privately owned and operated for profit, with privately determined investment of capital, and where production, distribution, and the prices of goods, services, and labor are affected by the forces of supply and demand in a largely free market. ...more on Wikipedia about "Capitalism"
Class consciousness is a category of socialist and especially Marxist theory, referring to the self-awareness of a social class, its capacity to act in its own rational interests, or measuring the extent to which an individual is conscious of the historical tasks their class (or class allegiance) sets for them. The precise definition is contested. ...more on Wikipedia about "Class consciousness"
In Marxist theory, commodity fetishism is an inauthentic state of social relations, said to arise in complex capitalist market systems, where social relationships are confused with their medium, the commodity. The term is introduced in the opening chapter of Karl Marx's main work of political economy, Capital, ( 1867). ...more on Wikipedia about "Commodity fetishism"
Critical international relations theory is a set of schools of thought in international relations that have criticized the status-quo – both from positivist positions as well as postpositivist positions. Positivist critiques include Marxist and Neo-Marxist approaches and Neo-Gramscianism. Some may also consider Social Constructivism as a positivist theory. Postpositivist critiques include postmodernist, postcolonial and feminist approaches, which differ from both realism and liberalism in their epistemological and ontological premises. ...more on Wikipedia about "Critical international relations theory"
Critical theory, in sociology and philosophy, is shorthand for critical theory of society or critical social theory, a label used by the Frankfurt School, i.e., members of the Institute for Social Research of the University of Frankfurt, their intellectual and social network, and those influenced by them intellectually, to describe their own work, oriented toward radical social change, in contradistinction to "traditional theory," i.e. theory in the positivistic, scientistic, or purely observational mode. In literature and literary criticism and cultural studies, by contrast, " critical theory" means something quite different, namely theory used in criticism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Critical theory (Frankfurt School)"
Dialectical materialism is the philosophical basis of Marxism as defined by later Communists and their Parties (sometimes called "orthodox" Marxism). As the name signals, it is an outgrowth of both Hegel's dialectics and Ludwig Feuerbach's and Karl Marx's philosophical materialism, and is most directly traced to Marx's fellow thinker, Friedrich Engels. It uses the concepts of thesis, antithesis and synthesis to explain the growth and development of human history. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dialectical materialism"
The dominant ideology, in Marxist or marxian theory, is the set of common values and beliefs shared by most people in a given society, framing how the majority think about a range of topics, from art and science to politics. It precedes and overlaps with the idea of a paradigm. Compare with Gramsci's hegemony. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dominant ideology"
In political economy and especially Marxian economics, exchange value refers to one of four major attributes of a commodity, i.e., an item or service produced for, and sold on, the market. The other three aspects are use value, value and price. ...more on Wikipedia about "Exchange value"
False consciousness is the Marxist hypothesis that material and institutional processes in capitalist society mislead the proletariat — and perhaps the other classes — over the nature of capitalism. ...more on Wikipedia about "False consciousness"
The Frankfurt School is a school of neo-Marxist social theory (which is more akin to anarchism than communism), social research, and philosophy. The grouping emerged at the Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung) of the University of Frankfurt am Main in Germany when Max Horkheimer became the Institute's director in 1930. The term "Frankfurt School" is an informal term used to designate the thinkers affiliated with the Institute for Social Research or influenced by them: it is not the title of any institution, and the main thinkers of the Frankfurt School did not use the term to describe themselves. ...more on Wikipedia about "Frankfurt School"
Hegemony is the dominance of one group over other groups, with or without the threat of force, to the extent that, for instance, the dominant party can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage; more broadly, cultural perspectives become skewed to favour the dominant group. Hegemony controls the ways that ideas become "naturalized" in a process that informs notions of common sense. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hegemony"
Historical materialism (or what Marx himself called "the materialist conception of history" - materialistische Geschichtsauffassung) is a social theory and an approach to the study of history and sociology, normally considered the intellectual basis of Marxism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Historical materialism"
An ideology is a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a " science of ideas." An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common sense (see Ideology in everyday society) and several philosophical tendencies (see Political ideologies), or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society (for the Marxist definition of ideology see Ideology as an instrument of social reproduction). ...more on Wikipedia about "Ideology"
Jürgen Habermas (born June 18, 1929 in Düsseldorf, Germany) is a philosopher, political scientist and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory. His work has been called Neo-Marxist, and focuses on the foundations of social theory and epistemology, the analysis of advanced capitalist industrial society and of democracy and the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context, and contemporary (especially German) politics. ...more on Wikipedia about "Jürgen Habermas"
The labor theory of value (LTV) is a theory in economics and political economy concerning a market-oriented or commodity-producing society: the theory equates the "value" of an exchangeable good or service (i.e., a commodity) with the amount of labor required to produce it. This includes the labor required to produce raw materials and machinery used up in the process. ...more on Wikipedia about "Labor theory of value"
According to Marx, there is a clear distinction between labor and labor-power. "Labor" refers to the actual activity or effort of producing goods or services (or what Marx calls use-values). Neoclassical economists sometimes refer to this as "labor services." On the other hand, "labor-power" (or "laboring power") refers to a person's ability to work, his or her muscle-power, dexterity and brain-power. Marx took over this distinction from Hegels' Philosophy of Right and gave it a new significance. ...more on Wikipedia about "Labor-power"
The law of value is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. Most generally, it refers to a regulative principle of the economic exchange of the products of human work: the relative exchange-values of those products in trade, usually expressed by money-prices, are determined (in some way) by the average amounts of human labour-time socially necessary to produce them. Thus, the exchange value of commodities is regulated by their value, where their value is a quantity of human labour. ...more on Wikipedia about "Law of value"
This is a list of those who contributed to marxist theory, principally as authors; it is not intended to list politicians who happen(ed) to be a member of a nominally communist political party or other organisation. ...more on Wikipedia about "List of contributors to Marxist theory"
It is normal to treat alienation as an undesirable condition for a human to be in. In Marxism, the polar opposite of alienation is the realization of man's species-being. By this, Marxists mean the global attainment of a new level of human society in which we do not confront each other as atomized individuals alienated from each other, but as colleagues in a collective human enterprise. ...more on Wikipedia about "Marx's theory of alienation"
Work in philosophy which is strongly influenced by Marxist theory, or which is written by Marxists, can be called Marxist philosophy. The term does not indicate a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy, because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as diverse as aesthetics, ethics, ontology, epistemology, and philosophy of science, as well as its obvious influence on political philosophy and the philosophy of history. The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought. Much of Marxist philosophy also subscribes to some form of weak social determinism, holding that individual subjects' choices and beliefs are strongly conditioned by the social conditions in which they exist. ...more on Wikipedia about "Marxist philosophy"
Marxist theory is an academic specialization in Western academias. Apart from the theories of Karl Marx it describes the theories of a number of thinkers like Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Louis Althusser, Antonio Gramsci, Max Horkheimer, Georg Lukacs, etc. ...more on Wikipedia about "Marxist theory"
In Marxist theory, a maximum programme consists of a series of demands which will achieve socialism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Maximum programme"
The means of production ( German: Produktionsmittel) are physical, non-human, inputs used in production. This includes land, factories, machines, tools and materials, along with both infrastructural capital and natural capital - in other words, the classical factors of production minus financial capital and minus human capital or labor. ...more on Wikipedia about "Means of production" Things go better with shortopedia.
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