Medical ethics Medical ethics Adverse effect, in medicine, is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended consequences, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as the result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/ chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. Iatrogenesis (literally, generated by a physician) is a common cause of adverse effects, as well as medical error. Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of adverse effects. Adverse effects may cause medical complications of a disease or procedure and affect negatively its prognosis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Adverse effect (medicine)"
Baby K was born in an anencephalic state on October 13, 1992, at Fairfax Hospital in Virginia. That is, she was born missing almost all of her brain. In fact, all that remained of her brain was the " brainstem", that primitive part of the brain responsible (in part) for autonomic and regulatory function, such as the control of respiration, the heartbeat and blood pressure [1]. ...more on Wikipedia about "Baby K"
The Belmont Report is a report created by the former United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (which was renamed to Health and Human Services) entitled "Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human ...more on Wikipedia about "Belmont Report"
The bilateral cingulotomy is a brain surgery performed to treat chronic pain in cancer patients. Controversially, it is also a self-proclaimed "modern psychosurgical technique" that has replaced the lobotomy as a direct brain surgery used to alleviate mental illness such as major depression, bipolar disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder when the condition in question has not responded to psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, electroshock, or pharmacological treatment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bilateral cingulotomy"
The Bolam Test is a principle established from UK case law regarding the standards expected of a (medical) professional, which must be in accordance with a responsible body of opinion, even if others differ in opinion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bolam Test"
Christian Medical Fellowship (CMF) is an evangelical, interdenominational organisation that links together Christian doctors and medical students in the UK. There are around 5,000 British doctors in all branches of medicine who are members of CMF, and also many medical student members. It was founded in 1949. ...more on Wikipedia about "Christian Medical Fellowship"
The CIOMS Guidelines, formally known as International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation. ...more on Wikipedia about "CIOMS Guidelines" www.shortopedia.com Is Good For You. shortopedia
Clinical death occurs when a patient's heartbeat and breathing have stopped. Since breathing rarely continues when the heart is stopped, clinical death is synonymous with cardiac arrest or cardiac death. The reversal of clinical death is sometimes possible through CPR, Defibrillation, Epinephrine injection, and other treatments. Resuscitation after more than 4 to 6 minutes of clinical death at normal body temperature is difficult, and can result in brain damage or brain death. Longer intervals of clinical death can be survived under conditions of Hypothermia. Hypothermia also improves outcomes after resuscitation from clinical death even if body temperature is not lowered until after resuscitation. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clinical death"
Cura te ipsum ("Take care of your own self!") is a classic injunction, urging physicians to care for and heal themselves first, before dealing with patients. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cura te ipsum"
The Declaration of Helsinki, developed by the World Medical Association, is a set of ethical principles for the medical community regarding human experimentation. It was originally adopted in June 1964 and has since been amended multiple times. ...more on Wikipedia about "Declaration of Helsinki"
A DNR, or Do Not Resuscitate order, is a written order from a doctor that resuscitation should not be attempted if a person suffers cardiac or respiratory arrest. This is sometimes known as a no-code order. Such an order may be instituted on the basis of an advance directive from a person, or from someone entitled to make decisions on their behalf, such as a health-care proxy; in some jurisdictions, such orders can also be instituted on the basis of a physician's own initiative, usually when resuscitation would not alter the ultimate outcome of a disease. ...more on Wikipedia about "Do Not Resuscitate"
The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( ) is a United States Act of Congress passed in 1986 as part of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. It requires hospitals and ambulance services to provide care to anyone needing emergency treatment regardless of citizenship, legal status or ability to pay. There are no reimbursement provisions; as a result of the act, patients needing emergency treatment can be discharged only under their own informed consent or when their condition requires transfer to a hospital better equipped to administer the treatment. ...more on Wikipedia about "Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act"
Euthanasia (from Greek: ευθανασία - ευ "good", θανατος " death") refers to assisted dying. The assistance ends the life of a person or an animal in a painless or minimally painful way. Euthanasia is most often performed in a merciful way, in order to end suffering. For animal mercy killings see animal euthanasia. ...more on Wikipedia about "Euthanasia"
Fabrication, in the context of scientific inquiry and academic research, refers to the act of intentionally falsifying research results, such as reported in a journal article. Fabrication is considered a form of scientific misconduct, and is regarded as highly unethical. In some jurisdictions, fabrication may be illegal. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fabrication (science)"
Harm reduction is a public health philosophy intended to be a progressive alternative to the prohibition of certain lifestyle choices. The central idea of harm reduction is the recognition that some people always have and always will engage in behaviours which carry risks, e.g. casual sex, illicit substance use. Harm reduction seeks to mitigate the potential harm associated with these behaviours without attempting to prohibit the behaviors. Harm reductionists contend that no one should be denied services (e.g. health care) merely because they take risks. Further, harm reduction seeks a social justice response to illicit drug use, as opposed to a criminalizing one. ...more on Wikipedia about "Harm reduction"
The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians, in which certain ethical guidelines are laid out. It has been assumed by most scholars to have been written by Hippocrates or one of his students, but recently it has been proposed that the oath was written by Pythagoreans ** . One traditional version is below but there are others. ...more on Wikipedia about "Hippocratic Oath"
Iatrogenesis is the causation of a state of ill health or adverse effect or complication caused by or resulting from medical treatment. The word literally means "brought forth by a physician" (iatros means physician in Greek), though such conditions can also be the result of actions by other allied health sciences professionals, such as therapists, pharmacists, nurses, dentists. etc. From a sociological point of view there are three types of iatrogenesis, clinical iatrogenesis, social iatrogenesis, and cultural iatrogenesis. ...more on Wikipedia about "Iatrogenesis"
The International Christian Medical and Dental Association (ICMDA) is a grouping of national assoications of Christian doctors and dentists in around fifty different countries. ICMDA also has links to groups in other countries. The national movements that make up ICMDA link Evangelical Christian doctors and dentists. ...more on Wikipedia about "International Christian Medical and Dental Association"
Involuntary commitment is the practice of using legal means or forms as part of a mental health law to commit a person to a mental hospital, insane asylum or psychiatric ward against their will or over their protests. Many but not all countries have mental health laws governing involuntary commitment. Some, such as the United States, require a court hearing if the subject of the more or less brief initial commitment (approved by a doctor, psychologist or psychiatrist) protests, though in some cases this initial hearing must be immediate; while others allow involuntary commitment at the request of physicians who must follow set legal procedures. In the latter case there are then additional checks and sometimes hearings to ensure compliance with the law. It may also sometimes be possible to challenge the commitment through habeas corpus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Involuntary commitment"
Involuntary treatment (also referred to by proponents as assisted treatment and by critics as forced drugging) refers to medical treatment undertaken without a patient's consent. In almost all circumstances, involuntary treatment refers to psychiatric treatment administered despite an individual's objections. These are typically individuals who have been diagnosed with a mental illness and are deemed to be a danger to themselves or others. ...more on Wikipedia about "Involuntary treatment"
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (in German Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft, after Wilhelm II of Germany) was the name of a number of scientific institutes in Germany before World War II. After 1945 they were re-organised and renamed as Max Planck Institutes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Kaiser Wilhelm Institute"
A living will, also called will to live, advance health directive, or advance health care directive, is a specific type of power of attorney or health care proxy or advance directive. It is a legal instrument that usually is witnessed or notarized. These documents state: ...more on Wikipedia about "Living will"
Medical cannabis refers to the use of Cannabis as a prescription drug, most notably as an antiemetic. The term medical marijuana post-dates the U.S. Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, the effect of which made cannabis prescriptions illegal in the United States. ...more on Wikipedia about "Medical cannabis"
In the United States medical error is estimated to result in 44,000 to 98,000 unnecessary deaths and 1,000,000 excess injuries ** each year. It is estimated that in a typical 100 to 300 bed hospital in the United States, excess costs of $1,000,000 to $3,000,000 attributable to prolonged stays and complications just due to medication errors occur yearly. ...more on Wikipedia about "Medical error"
Medical ethics is the discipline of evaluating the merits, risks, and social concerns of activities in the field of medicine. ...more on Wikipedia about "Medical ethics"
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