Metabolism Metabolism Agmatine ((4-aminobutyl) guanidine, NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-C(-NH2)(=NH)) is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis. It is discussed as a putative neurotransmitter. It is synthesized in the brain, stored in synaptic vesicles, accumulated by uptake, released by membrane depolarization, and inactivated by agmatinase. Agmatine binds to α2- adrenergic receptor and imidazoline binding sites, and blocks NMDA receptors and other cation ligand-gated channels. Agmatine inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and induces the release of some peptide hormones. Treatment with exogenous agmatine exerts neuroprotective effects in animal models of neurotrauma. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agmatine"
Anabolism is the part of metabolism that builds larger molecules. One way of categorizing metabolic processes, whether at the cellular, organ or organism level is as anabolic or catabolic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anabolism"
Anaerobic respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen to produce energy. These processes require another electron acceptor to replace oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is often used interchangeably with fermentation, especially when the glycolytic pathway exists in the cell. However, certain anaerobic prokaryotes generate all of their ATP using an electron transport system and ATP synthase. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anaerobic respiration"
Anaplerotic reactions are those that form intermediates of the TCA or citric acid cycle. As this is a cycle, formation of any of the intermediates can be used to 'top up' the whole cycle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Anaplerotic reactions"
An antimetabolite is a chemical with a similar structure to a substance (a metabolite) required for normal biochemical reactions, yet different enough to interfere with the normal functions of cells, including cell division. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antimetabolite"
Basal metabolic rate (BMR), is the rate of metabolism when an individual is at rest in a warm environment and is in the post absorptive state, and has not eaten for at least 12 hours. The release of energy in this state is only sufficient for the vital organs such as the heart, lungs, nervous system, and kidneys. BMR decreases with age and with the loss of lean body mass. Regular cardiovascular exercise can increase BMR. Other factors can also affect BMR, such as illness, environmental temperature, and stress levels. ...more on Wikipedia about "Basal metabolic rate"
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are broken down in the spleen, liver sinusioids, and bones. The heme components are first converted to biliverdin, then to unconjugated bilirubin. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bilirubin metabolism"
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(Biosynthesis) == Biosynthesis == is a phenomenon where chemical compounds are produced from simpler reagents. Biosynthesis, unlike chemical synthesis, takes place within living organisms and is generally catalysed by enzymes. The process is vital part of metabolism. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biosynthesis"
Blood alcohol content (or blood alcohol concentration), often abbreviated BAC, is the concentration of alcohol in blood, measured, by volume, as a percentage. For example, a BAC rating of 0.20 means 1 part per 500 in an individual's blood is alcohol. In many countries, the BAC is measured and reported as milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood (mg/100ml). ...more on Wikipedia about "Blood alcohol content"
Branching enzyme is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of glycogen. Glycogen is made of several glucose units put together. A unit of glycogen is made of 12 glucose molecules, and at the twelfth molecule, a new "unit" is branched off from the previous one, consisting of 12 more glucose molecules. Glucose is linked to other individual glucoses by alpha 1, 4 linkages. The placement of one glucose to another is catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen synthase. At a branching point, though, the linkages are not alpha 1, 4 they are alpha 1, 6, and therefore another enzyme is needed for the addition of an entire glucose unit, and this enzyme is branching enzyme. Branching enzyme attaches a string of seven glucose residues to the sixth carbon of a glucose molecule, usually in an interior location. ...more on Wikipedia about "Branching enzyme"
Butyric acid, IUPAC name n-Butanoic acid, or normal butyric acid, is a carboxylic acid with structural formula C H3CH2CH2- COOH. It is notably found in rancid butter, parmesan cheese, vomit, or the smell of foul, stale, unwashed, rancid human bare feet, and has an unpleasant odor and acrid taste, with a sweetish aftertaste (similar to ether). Butyric acid can be detected by mammals with good scent detection abilities (e.g. dogs) at 10 ppb, while humans can detect it in concentrations above 10 ppm. ...more on Wikipedia about "Butyric acid"
Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units. The empirical formula for carbohydrates, like that of their monomer counterparts, is CX(H2YOY). Carbohydrates literally undergo combustion to retrieve the large amounts of energy in their bonds. Read more about mitochondria to find out more about the reaction and how its energy is secured in ATP. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbohydrate catabolism"
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for some carbohydrate metabolism. In the liver, for example, the cell breaks down the polysaccharide glycogen. Eventually, the glycogen will be turned into glucose, and released into the blood, but first it is broken into glucose phosphate, an ion that, if released would harm our blood cells. So to remedy this, an enzyme found in the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum can remove the phosphate, allowing pure glucose to be released. ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbohydrate metabolism"
Carbon fixation is a process found in autotrophs, usually driven by photosynthesis, whereby carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds. In plants, there are three types: ...more on Wikipedia about "Carbon fixation"
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Cell metabolism is the process (or really the sum of many ongoing individual processes) by which living cells process nutrient molecules and maintain a living state. Metabolism has two distinct divisions: anabolism, in which a cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules and perform other life functions such a creating cellular structure; and catabolism, in which a cell breaks down complex molecules to yield energy and reducing power. Cell metabolism involves extremely complex sequences of controlled chemical reactions called metabolic pathways. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cell metabolism"
Cellular respiration is the process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes. Oxidation of organic material—in a bonfire, for example—is an exothermic reaction that releases a large amount of energy rather quickly. The equation for the oxidation of glucose is: ...more on Wikipedia about "Cellular respiration"
Chemiosynthesis is similar to photosynthesis. Most chemiosynthetic organisms are bacteria. Instead of using light as an energy source to make food, energy or compounds from chemical reactions is used. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chemiosynthesis"
In organic chemistry, a chlorin is a large heterocyclic aromatic ring consisting, at the core, of 3 pyrroles and one reduced pyrrole coupled through 4 methine linkages. Unlike a porphyrin, a chlorin is therefore largely aromatic but not aromatic through the entire circumference of the ring. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chlorin"
The citric acid cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the TCA cycle, or the Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In these aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is a metabolic pathway that forms part of the break down of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water in order to generate energy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Citric acid cycle"
Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is adapted from β-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate and adenosine triphosphate and used in metabolism in areas such as fatty acid oxidization and the citric acid cycle. Its main function is to carry acyl groups such as acetyl as thioesters. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. It is sometimes referred to as 'CoASH' or 'HSCoA' because when it's not attached to a molecule such as an acetyl group, it is attached to a sulfhydryl group, -SH. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coenzyme A"
The Cori cycle refers to the recycling of lactate or lactic acid produced by muscle during anaerobic metabolism, the lactate is converted to glucose by the liver. When the ATP needs of a cell outpace its oxygen supply is limited, muscle cells produce ATP through lactic acid fermentation. This permits the regeneration of NAD+ so glycolysis can continue. The lactate diffuses into the blood and is taken up by the liver, which converts it back to pyruvate and then glucose (via gluconeogenesis). This glucose circulates in the blood, where it can be used by muscles if needed or stored as glycogen. This cycle allows the body to continue focusing exclusively on producing ATP while another organ, the liver, handles the lactate produced. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cori cycle"
A corrin is a polyaromatic ring related to the porphyrin ring in hemoglobin, consisting of 4 pyrrole subunits, joined on opposite sides by a C-CH3 methylene link, on one side by a C-H methylene link, and with the two of the pyrroles joined directly. Compared to a porphyrin, it is missing a bridging methylene group between a pair of pyrroles. This ring is central to the cobalt containing vitamin, vitamin B12, or cobalamin. Corrins have properties related to porphyrins, but: ...more on Wikipedia about "Corrin"
Cytochrome P450 oxidase (commonly abbreviated CYP) is a generic term for a large number of related, but distinct, oxidative enzymes ( EC 1.14 ) important in animal physiology. The cytochrome P450 mixed-function monooxygenase system is probably the most important element of Phase I metabolism in animals (metabolism in this context being the chemical modification or degradation of chemicals including drugs and endogenous compounds). Cytochrome P450 sequence homologs have been determined in all lineages of life, including mammals, birds, fish, insects, worms, sea squirts, sea urchins, plants, fungi, slime molds, bacteria and archaea. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cytochrome P450 oxidase"
Denitrification is the process of reducing nitrate, a form of nitrogen available for consumption by many groups of organisms, into gaseous nitrogen, which is far less accessible to life forms but makes up the bulk of our atmosphere. It can be thought of as the opposite of nitrogen fixation, which converts gaseous nitrogen into more biologically useful forms. The process is performed by heterotrophic bacteria (such as Pseudomonas fluorescens) from all main proteolitic groups. Denitrification and nitrification are parts of the nitrogen cycle. ...more on Wikipedia about "Denitrification"
Digestion is the process whereby a biological entity processes a substance, in order to chemically convert the substance into nutrients. Digestion occurs at the multicellular, cellular, and sub-cellular levels. ...more on Wikipedia about "Digestion"
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