Microbiology Microbiology American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) is a private, not-for-profit biological resource center whose mission focuses on the acquisition, authentication, production, preservation, development and distribution of standard reference microorganisms, cell lines and other materials for research in the life sciences. Established in 1914 and originally incorporated by scientists in 1925 to serve as a worldwide repository and distribution center for cultures of microorganisms, ATCC has developed into the global leader in research and development expertise for identifying, characterizing, preserving and distributing a wide range of cell lines and microbes. Aside from maintaining the biorepository, and R&D program and a product development team, ATCC also competes for federal grants and contracts and engages in partnerships and collaborations with academic institutions and private companies. ...more on Wikipedia about "American Type Culture Collection"
Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antibiotic resistance"
An antiseptic ( Greek αντι, against, and σηπτικος, putrefactive) is a substance that prevents the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) on the external surfaces of the body. Some are true germicides, capable of destroying the bacteria, whilst others merely prevent or inhibit their growth. The objective of antiseptics is to reduce the possibility of sepsis, infection, or putrefaction by germs. Antibacterials have the same objective but only act against bacteria. Antibiotics perform a similar function, preventing the growth or reproduction of bacteria within the body. Disinfectants operate on nonliving objects such as medical instruments. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antiseptic"
Artificial media/medium is any substance upon which bacteria or molds are grown in the lab. It can also be called agar or just plainly called "media." There are many kinds of media, selective media, which only has the ability to grow specific types of microbes to prevent contamination. Differential media such as blood agar can grow many kinds of microbes, but allows the differentiation between the target microbes and Colony (biology) of an unwanted microbe. ...more on Wikipedia about "Artificial media"
A bacteriostat is a biological or chemical agent that causes bacteriostasis. It stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily harming them otherwise. Upon removal of the bacteriostat, the bacteria usually start to grow again. Bacteriostats are often used in plastics to prevent growth of bacteria on the plastic surface. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bacteriostat"
Beta-lactamase is a type of enzyme ( ) produced by some bacteria that is responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins and carbapenems. These antibiotics have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam. The lactamase enzyme breaks that ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties. ...more on Wikipedia about "Beta-lactamase"
A biofilm is a complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix. Biofilms are also often characterized by surface attachment, structural heterogeneity, genetic diversity, complex community interactions, and an extracellular matrix of polymeric substances. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biofilm"
Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed in order to attack specific contaminants, such as chlorinated pesticides that are degraded by bacteria, or a more general approach may be taken, such as oil spills that are broken down by the use of multiple techniques including the addition of nitrate and sulfate fertilizer to facilitate the decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bioremediation"
Blight is any of a number of diseases affecting many species of plants. Common symptoms of infection include wilting of the leaves, or the appearances of brownish spots, or lesions, on leaves or stems. Causes of blight include fungal (e.g. Botrytis), bacterial (e.g. Erwinia), or viral infection. ...more on Wikipedia about "Blight"
Blood culture is microbiological culture of blood. It is employed to detect infections that are spreading through the bloodstream ( bacteremia, septicemia). ...more on Wikipedia about "Blood culture"
Cell culture is the term applied when growing cells in a synthetic environment. Strictly speaking, this can apply to either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, though in practice cell culture has come to refer to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells. Culture conditions (for example growth media, pH, temperature) vary widely for each cell type, and variation of conditions for a particular cell type can result in different phenotypes being expressed. This article is concerned with modern culture methods. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cell culture"
Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donating molecules in their environments. These molecules can be organic (organotrophs) or inorganic (lithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs which utilize solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chemotroph"
Clonogenic assay is a microbiology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the proliferation of cells. It is frequently employed in cancer research laboratories to determine the effect, if any, of a drug, radiation, or a combination of both on proliferating tumor cells. The term "clonogenic" refers to the fact that these cells are clones of one another. ...more on Wikipedia about "Clonogenic assay"
Coagulase is an adhesin ( ) produced by Staphylococcus aureus to localize an area of residence that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. In laboratory, it is used to distinguish between different types of Staphylococcus isolates. Coagulase negativity excludes S. aureus. ...more on Wikipedia about "Coagulase"
In biology, a colony (from Latin colonia) refers to several individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual benefit, such as stronger defences, the ability to attack bigger prey, etc. Some insects ( ants and honey bees, for example) live only in colonies. The Portuguese Man o' War, is an example of a colony of four different polyps. ...more on Wikipedia about "Colony (biology)"
A culture collection is a collection of microorganisms that is maintained by an academic institution. ...more on Wikipedia about "Culture collection"
An endospore is any spore that is produced within an organism (usually a bacterium).They can usually make 2-3 of them depending on the type of bacterium. This is in contrast to exospores, which are rather produced by growth or budding. The primary function of most endospores is to ensure the survival of a colony through periods of environmental stress. Endospores are therefore resistant to desiccation, temperature, starvation, ultraviolet and gamma radiation, and chemical disinfectants. ...more on Wikipedia about "Endospore"
An Enterotoxin is a toxin released by a micro-organism in the Lower Intestine. The enterotoxin alters the permeability of the intestinal wall. This causes water and electrolytes to leak into the intestinal tract , causing diarrhoea. Examples of organisms that do this are: Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. ...more on Wikipedia about "Enterotoxin"
Eosin mythylene blue (EMB) is a selective stain for Gram-negative bacteria. It is a blend of two stains, eosin and methylene blue. A common application of this stain is in the preparation of EMB agar, a differential microbiological medium which inhibits the growth of Gram-postive bacteria and provides a color indicator distinguishing between those organsisms that metabolize lactose versus those that do not. ...more on Wikipedia about "Eosin methylene blue"
An extremophile is an organism, usually unicellular, which thrives in or requires "extreme" conditions. It is important to note that the definition of "extreme" in this context is anthropocentric; from the point of view of the organism, its environment is completely normal. ...more on Wikipedia about "Extremophile"
In its strictest sense, fermentation (formerly called zymosis) is the anaerobic metabolic breakdown of a nutrient molecule, such as glucose, without net oxidation. Fermentation does not release all the available energy in a molecule; it merely allows glycolysis (a process that yields two ATP per glucose) to continue by replenishing reduced coenzymes. Fermentation yields lactate, acetic acid, ethanol, or other reduced metabolites. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fermentation"
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Fimbrin crosslinks actin filaments with a spacing of 12nm, making them a parallel bundle, also disallowing the myosin II motor protein to enter it. This is to be compared with the effect of alpha-actinin, which bundles actin filaments together into a contractile bundle. Three isoforms; L-, I- and T-fimbrin. Also known a plastin. Involved in cell adhesion. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fimbrin"
In microbiology, flora ( plural: floras or floræ) refers to the collective bacteria and other microorganisms in an ecosystem (usually an animal host or a single part of its body). ...more on Wikipedia about "Flora (microbiology)"
A fomite is any inanimate object or substance supposed to be capable of absorbing, retaining, and transporting contagious or infectious organisms (from germs to parasites) from one individual to another. ...more on Wikipedia about "Fomite"
(Geophilic) Geophillic means soil loving or prefering the soil. ...more on Wikipedia about "Geophilic"
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