Molecular biology Molecular biology Affymetrix was founded by Stephen P.A. Fodor, Ph.D. and others in the late 1980s with the revolutionary idea to use semiconductor manufacturing techniques to create GeneChips (an Affymetrix trademark) or generically DNA microarrays. The company has an impressive patent portfolio in this area. Affymetrix was originally a division of Affymax. ...more on Wikipedia about "Affymetrix"
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method used in molecular biology to separate DNA strands by size, and to determine the size of the separated strands by comparison to strands of known length. Similarly, in proteomics research, this method is also used to separate and quantify proteins based on their charge and size. ...more on Wikipedia about "Agarose gel electrophoresis"
Antisense molecules interact with complementary strands of nucleic acids, modifying expression of genes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Antisense"
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a fertility plasmid, used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. Its usual insert size is 150 kbp, with a range from 100 to 300 kbp. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bacterial artificial chromosome"
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through cell-to-cell contact (as opposed to transformation or transfection). ...more on Wikipedia about "Bacterial conjugation"
The development of biochips is a major thrust of the rapidly growing biotechnology industry, which encompasses a very diverse range of ...more on Wikipedia about "Biochip"
Biopolymers are a special class of polymers found in nature. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biopolymer"
In molecular biology and genetics, a blot is a method of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier (for example, a nitrocellulose PVDF or nylon membrane). In many instances, this is done after a gel electrophoresis, transferring the molecules from the gel onto the blotting membrane, and other times adding the samples directly onto the membrane. After the blotting, the transferred proteins, DNA or RNA are then visualized by one or more different methods: ...more on Wikipedia about "Blot (biology)"
Bonnie L. Bassler is a molecular biologist professor at Princeton University. ...more on Wikipedia about "Bonnie Bassler"
c-Myc is a mammalian transcription factor belonging to the bHLH (basic Helix Loop Helix)-Leucine Zipper family. Together with n-Myc and l-Myc it belongs to the Myc family of proteins. In Drosophila, there is only one homologue called d-Myc. ...more on Wikipedia about "C-myc"
In molecular biology, a cDNA library refers to a complete, or nearly complete, set of all the mRNAs contained within a cell or organism. Because working with mRNA is difficult, researchers use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which will produce a DNA copy of each mRNA strand. Referred to as cDNA these reverse transcribed mRNAs are collectively known as the library. ...more on Wikipedia about "CDNA library"
The central dogma of molecular biology was first enunciated by Francis Crick in 1958 and re-stated in a Nature paper published in 1970. The precise definition is: ...more on Wikipedia about "Central dogma of molecular biology"
Chromosome walking is a method in genetics for identifying and sequencing long parts of a DNA strand, e.g., a chromosome. As the traditional chain termination method does not allow long DNA strands to be sequenced, this method works by dividing the long sequence into several consecutive short ones. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chromosome walking"
Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. A clone in the biological sense, therefore, is a single cell (like bacteria, lymphocytes etc.) or multi-cellular organism that is genetically identical to another living organism. Sometimes this can refer to "natural" clones made either when an organism reproduces asexually or when two genetically identical individuals are produced by accident (as with identical twins), but in common parlance the clone is an identical copy by some conscious design. Also see clone (genetics). ...more on Wikipedia about "Cloning"
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A cloning vector is a small DNA vehicle that carries a foreign DNA fragment. The insertion of the fragment into the cloning vector is carried out by treating the vehicle and the foreign DNA with the same restriction enzyme, then ligating the fragments together. There are many types of cloning vectors. Plasmids and bacteriophages (such as phage λ) are perhaps most commonly used for this purpose. Other types of cloning vectors include bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). ...more on Wikipedia about "Cloning vector"
Competent cells are bacteria which can accept extra-chromosomal DNA or plasmids. Cells can be made competent in several ways. One such way is to "shock" it, which involves heating the bacteria in a Calcium Chloride bath at 0 degrees Celsius, then quickly heating it to around 47 degrees Celsius for approximately 90 seconds (too much will denature the cell membrane, killing the bacteria). The calcium chloride ions neutralize the repulsion between the negatively charged phospholipid heads of the cell membrance, and the negatively charged phosphate groups on the DNA. The quick heat shock creates a thermal gradient which, in turn, creates a draft leading into the cell, allowing extra-chromosomal DNA (such as plasmids) to enter the cell, allowing the bacterium to be genetically modifed. ...more on Wikipedia about "Competent cell"
(Complementarity (molecular biology)) In genetics, a double-stranded DNA or RNA strand consists of two complementary strands of base pairs, which are non- covalently connected via two or three hydrogen bonds. ...more on Wikipedia about "Complementarity (molecular biology)"
A cosmid is a type of plasmid (often used as a cloning vector) constructed by the insertion of cos sequences, DNA-Sequences of the Phage Lambda Virus. These DNA-Sequences make it possible to pack genes with up to 40000 base pairs, while normal plasmids are able to carry only 10-15000 base pairs. Cosmids are packted in phagestructures consisting of proteins, which allows to plant the foreign genes into the bacteria. If the Cosmids contain for example genes for resistances against antibiotics, the transfected bacteria are then able to survive and to spawn in a nurtient solution containing the antibiotic. Cosmids are used to build gene pools of one genome. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cosmid"
Cycling probe technology (CPT) is a molecular biological technique for amplifying (creating multiple copies of) DNA without using a living organism, such as E. coli or yeast. CPT may in the future become a viable alternative to PCR. Unlike PCR, CPT requires only isothermal conditions. Tang et al. (as cited in "References") developed an integrated electrokinetic system for use in CPT. ...more on Wikipedia about "Cycling probe technology"
Dideoxynucleotides, or ddNTPs, are nucleotides lacking 3'-hydroxyl (-OH) group on their deoxyribose sugar. Note that the sugar normally referred to as deoxyribose lacks a 2'-OH, while the dideoxyribose lacks hydroxyl groups on both its 2' and 3' carbon. The lack of this hydroxyl group means that, after being added by a DNA Polymerase to a growing nucleotide chain, no further nucleotides can be added, as no phosphodiester bond can be created. Thus, these molecules form the basis of the dideoxy chain-termination method of DNA sequencing, which was developed by Frederick Sanger in 1977. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dideoxynucleotides"
A DNA bank is a repository of DNA, usually used for research or criminal investigation. The NIAS DNA Bank , for example, collects the DNA of agrucultural organisms, such as rice and fish, for scientific research. Most DNA provided by DNA banks is used for studies to attempt to develop more productive or more enviornmentally friendly agricultural species. Some DNA banks also store the DNA of rare or endangered species to ensure their survival. ...more on Wikipedia about "DNA bank"
DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. A single gram of DNA with volume of 1 cm³ can hold as much information as a trillion compact discs, approximately 750 terabytes. ...more on Wikipedia about "DNA computing"
DNA electrophoresis is an analytical technique used to separate DNA fragments by size. An electric field forces the fragments to migrate through a gel. DNA molecules normally migrate from negative to positive potential due to the net negative charge of the phosphate backbone of the DNA chain. At the scale of the length of DNA molecules, the gel looks much like a random, intricate network. Longer molecules migrate more slowly because they are more easily 'trapped' in the network. ...more on Wikipedia about "DNA electrophoresis"
DNA extraction is a routine procedure to collect DNA for subsequent molecular or forensic analysis. ...more on Wikipedia about "DNA extraction"
In molecular biology, DNA ligase is a particular type of ligase ( ) that can link together DNA strands that have double-strand breaks (a break in both complementary strands of DNA). The alternative, a single-strand break, is easily fixed by DNA polymerase using the complementary strand as a template. ...more on Wikipedia about "DNA ligase"
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