Molecular genetics Molecular genetics An AP site (meaning apurinic and apyrimidinic) is a location in DNA that does not have either a purine or pyrimidine base, usually due to DNA damage. ...more on Wikipedia about "AP site"
Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) is a method to detect chromosome copy number changes, at a higher resolution level than conventional chromosome-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). ...more on Wikipedia about "Array comparative genomic hybridization"
Auxotrophy is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth (as defined by IUPAC). An auxotroph is an organism that displays this characteristic; auxotrophic is the corresponding adjective. Auxotrophy is the opposite of prototrophy. ...more on Wikipedia about "Auxotrophy"
Biopolymers are a special class of polymers found in nature. ...more on Wikipedia about "Biopolymer"
In molecular biology, a CAAT box is a distinct pattern of nucleotides that occur upstream by 75-80 bases to the initial transcription site. The CAAT box signals the binding site for the RNA transcription factor, and is typically accompanied by a conserved consensus sequence. ...more on Wikipedia about "CAAT box"
The CCAAT box is a promoter element in some genes located about 75-80 base pairs upstream of the start site for transcription. It is an invariant DNA sequence at about minus 70 base pairs from the origin of transcription in many eukaryotic promoters.Genes that have this element seem to require it for the gene to be transcribed in sufficient quantities. It is frequently absent from genes that encode proteins used in virtually all cells. ...more on Wikipedia about "CCAAT box"
The central dogma of molecular biology was first enunciated by Francis Crick in 1958 and re-stated in a Nature paper published in 1970. The precise definition is: ...more on Wikipedia about "Central dogma of molecular biology"
A chromatid forms one part of a chromosome after it has coalesced for the process of mitosis or meiosis. During either process, the word "chromosome" indicates a pair of two exactly identical ("sister") chromatids joined at the central point of each chromatid, called the centromere. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chromatid"
Chromatin is found inside the nucleus of a cell. Chromatin is the structural building block of a chromosome and consists of a complex of DNA and protein in eukaryotic cells. It can be made visible by staining, hence its name, which literally means coloured material. The nucleic acids are generally in the form of double-stranded DNA - i.e. the famous DNA-double helix. The major proteins involved in chromatin are histone proteins but other non-histone chromosomal proteins are prominent too. DNA is packaged into chromatin thereby constraining the size of the molecule and allowing the cell to control expression of the chromatin packaged genes. Changes in chromatin structure are affected mainly by methylation (DNA and proteins) and acetylation (proteins). Chromatin structure is also of importance to DNA replication and DNA repair. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chromatin"
Homologous Recombination is the process by which two chromosomes, paired up during prophase I of meiosis, exchange some distal portion of their DNA. Crossover occurs when two chromosomes, normally two homologous instances of the same chromosome, break and then reconnect but to the different end piece. If they break at the same place or locus in the sequence of base pairs, the result is an exchange of genes, called genetic recombination. This outcome is the normal way for crossover to occur. If they break at slightly different loci, the result can be a duplication of genes on one chromosome and a deletion of these on the other. This is known as an unequal crossover. If chromosomes break and rejoin on opposite sides of the centromere, the result can be one chromosome being lost during cell division. ...more on Wikipedia about "Chromosomal crossover"
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a molecular- cytogenetic method for the analysis of copy number changes( gains /losses) in the DNA content of tumor cells. ...more on Wikipedia about "Comparative genomic hybridization"
Conservation is a high degree of similarity in the primary or higher structure of homologous proteins amongst various phyla. This is seen as an indication of its importance in cellular function or survival: any mutation in a highly conserved region would automatically lead to a non-viable form, which would be eliminated through natural selection. ...more on Wikipedia about "Conservation (genetics)"
Consortium for the Barcode of Life is an international collaborative effort which aims to develop a mechanism capable of generating a unique genetic barcode for every species of life on earth. ...more on Wikipedia about "Consortium for the Barcode of Life"
CpG islands are regions of DNA near and in the promoter of a mammalian gene where a large concentration of CpG sites exist. Unlike CpG sites in the coding region of a gene, in most instances the CpG sites in the CpG islands are unmethylated if genes are expressed. This observation led to the speculation that methylation of CpG sites in the promoter of a gene may inhibit the expression of a gene. ...more on Wikipedia about "CpG island"
CpG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide occurs next to a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its length. "CpG" stands for cytosine and guanine separated by a phosphate, which links the two nucleosides together in DNA. The "CpG" notation is used to distinguish a cytosine followed by guanine from a CG pair. ...more on Wikipedia about "CpG site"
DNA barcoding is a taxonomic method which uses a short genetic marker in an organism's mitochondrial DNA to quickly and easily identify it as belonging to a particular species. It is based on a relatively simple concept; most eukaryote cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has a relatively fast mutation rate, this leads mtDNA to have a significant variance between species and a comparatively small variance within species. A 648- bp region of the mitochondrial gene, known as cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), has been proposed as a potential 'barcode'. ...more on Wikipedia about "DNA barcoding"
DNA repair is a process constantly operating in cells; it is essential to survival because it protects the genome from damage and harmful mutations. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors (such as UV rays) can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 500,000 individual molecular lesions per cell per day. These lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule, and can dramatically alter the cell's way of reading the information encoded in its genes. Consequently, the DNA repair process must be constantly operating, to correct rapidly any damage in the DNA structure. ...more on Wikipedia about "DNA repair"
In genetics, dyad symmetry refers to two areas of a DNA molecule whose base pair sequences are repeats of each other, inverted relative to each other, or are palindromes. ...more on Wikipedia about "Dyad symmetry"
Euchromatin is a type of chromatin that is rich in gene concentration (contrast this to heterochromatin). This type of chromatin generally appears as light-colored bands when stained in GTG banding and observed under a optical microscope. In contrast to heterochromatin, euchromatin is not tightly wrapped around histones meaning that genes within the region are frequently transcribed to messenger RNA ( mRNA) in the cell. ...more on Wikipedia about "Euchromatin"
Gene duplication occurs when an error in DNA replication leads to the duplication of a region of DNA containing a (generally functional) gene. The significance of this process for evolutionary biology is that if a gene is under natural selection, many mutations will lead to loss of functionality and thus are selected against. When a gene is duplicated selection may be removed from one copy and now the other gene locus is free to mutate and discover new functions. Alternatively, the gene may acquire deleterious mutations and become a pseudogene. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gene duplication"
A gene family is a set of genes defined by presumed homology, i.e. evidence that the genes evolved from a common ancestral gene. They generally share some biochemical activity. Genes are generally categorized into families based upon shared sequence motifs and similarities in structure. Phylogenetic techniques can be used as a more rigorous test. The positions of introns within the coding sequence can be used to infer common ancestry. Knowing the sequence of the protein encoded by a gene can allow researchers to apply methods that find similarities among protein sequences that provide more information than similarities or differences among DNA sequences. Furthermore, knowledge of the protein's secondary structure gives further information about ancestry, since the organization of secondary structural elements presumably would be conserved even if the amino acid sequence changes considerably. These methods often rely upon predictions based upon the DNA sequence. ...more on Wikipedia about "Gene family" This article is made on shortopedia shortopedia
The gene gun is a device for injecting cells with genetic information, ...more on Wikipedia about "Gene gun"
The genetic code is a set of rules that maps DNA sequences to proteins in the living cell, and is employed in the process of protein synthesis. Nearly all living things use the same genetic code, called the standard genetic code, although a few organisms use minor variations of the standard code. ...more on Wikipedia about "Genetic code"
Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and the now-deprecated gene splicing are terms for the process of manipulating genes, usually outside the organism's normal reproductive process. ...more on Wikipedia about "Genetic engineering"
A genetic screen (or simply screen) is a procedure or test to identify and select individuals which possess a phenotype of interest. A genetic screen for new genes is often referred to as forward genetics as opposed to reverse genetics that is the term used for identifying mutant alleles in genes that are already known. Mutant alleles that are not tagged for rapid cloning are mapped and cloned by positional cloning. ...more on Wikipedia about "Genetic screen"
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